Table 1 Clinical characteristics of study subjects

Age, years

60 (53–66)

62 (48–74)

0.65

57 (47–69)

71 (61–78)

<0.01

Male sex

26 (51 %)

75 (57 %)

0.45

56 (57 %)

19 (58 %)

0.97

Race

0.23

0.09

 White

48 (94 %)

108 (82 %)

81 (83 %)

27 (82 %)

 African American

3 (6 %)

20 (15 %)

16 (16 %)

4 (12 %)

 Asian

0

1 (1 %)

1 (1 %)

0

 Hispanic/Latino

0

2 (2 %)

0

2 (6 %)

Charlson comorbidity index [32]

0 (0–1)

3 (1–6)

<0.01

2 (1–5)

4 (3–8)

<0.01

Admission type

–

0.01

 Medical patient

–

118 (90 %)

92 (78 %)

26 (22 %)

 Surgical patient

–

13 (10 %)

6 (46 %)

7 (54 %)

Site of infection

–

0.74

 Pulmonary

–

76 (58 %)

54 (55 %)

22 (67 %)

 Intra-abdominal

–

19 (15 %)

14 (14 %)

5 (15 %)

 Urinary

–

15 (11 %)

13 (13 %)

2 (6 %)

 Skin/catheter

–

6 (5 %)

5 (5 %)

1 (3 %)

 Other

–

15 (11 %)

12 (12 %)

3 (9 %)

Microbiology

–

0.34

 Gram-positive bacteria

–

42 (32 %)

30 (31 %)

12 (36 %)

 Gram-negative bacteria

–

20 (15 %)

15 (15 %)

5 (2 %)

 Fungal

–

3 (2 %)

3 (3 %)

0

 Mixed or other

–

27 (21 %)

17 (17 %)

10 (30 %)

 Unknown

–

39 (30 %)

33 (34 %)

6 (2 %)

Positive blood culture

–

48 (37 %)

–

36 (37 %)

12 (36 %)

0.97

Septic shock^a

–

107 (82 %)

–

75 (77 %)

32 (97 %)

0.01

APACHE II score

–

24 ± 9

–

22 ± 8

30 ± 9

<0.01

SOFA score^b

 Minimum

–

7 (5–9)

–

6 (4–8)

11 (8–12)

<0.01

 Maximum

–

10 (8–13)

–

9 (8–11)

13 (11–16)

<0.01

 Mean

–

8 (6–11)

–

8 (6–9)

12 (9–14)

<0.01

ICU LOS, days

–

6 (3–12)

–

6 (3–11)

8 (3–17)

0.21

Hospital LOS, days

–

15 (9–29)

14 (9–26)

15 (7–39)

0.43

Ventilator-free days 0–28^c

–

21 (3–28)

–

24 (20–28)

0 (0–0)

<0.01