Reference | Region | Units (n) | ICU type | Baseline period | Population | VAE criteria | VAP criteria | Design | Sample size | Adjusted confounders | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (n) | VAE | VAP | ||||||||||
[17]a | USA | 7 | MICU, SICU, CICU | 2011.11–2013.05 | Consecutive mechanical ventilation episodes from collaborative units undergoing daily SAT/SBT | CDC/NHSN definition | NA | Interrupted time series analysis | 3425 | 293 | NA | Age, sex, reason for intubation, and SOFA score |
[17]b | USA | 6 | MICU, SICU, CICU | 2011.11–2013.05 | Consecutive mechanical ventilation episodes from surveillance-only units not undergoing daily SAT/SBT | CDC/NHSN definition | NA | Interrupted time series analysis | 1739 | 75 | NA | Age, sex, reason for intubation, and SOFA score |
[18]a | Belgium | 1 | ICU | 2012.01–2013.03 | Adult patients ventilated for ≥2 calendar days from groups undergoing subglottic secretion suctioning | CDC/NHSN definition | CDC/NHSN criteria and quantitative culture results of specimens | Randomized controlled trial | 170 | 37 | 15 | NA |
[18]b | Belgium | 1 | ICU | 2012.01–2013.03 | Adult patients ventilated for ≥2 calendar days from groups not undergoing subglottic secretion suctioning | CDC/NHSN definition | CDC/NHSN criteria and quantitative culture results of specimens | Randomized controlled trial | 182 | 41 | 32 | NA |
[19] | China | 1 | ICU | 2010.04–2014.02 | VAP patients | CDC/NHSN definition | CDC/NHSN criteria | Retrospective cohort | 165 | 55 | 165 | NA |
[20] | USA | 1 | SICU, MICU | 2013.01–2013.12 | Adult patients ventilated for ≥2 calendar days | CDC/NHSN definition | CDC/NHSN criteria and quantitative culture of specimens | Prospective cohort | 1209 | 67 | 84 | NA |
[21] | France | Multiple centres | ICU | 1996.11–2012.10 | Adult patients ventilated for ≥5 calendar days from French multicentre OUTCOMEREA database | Adapted definition (≥2 day rise in range of PEEP or a decreasing PaO2/FiO2 ratio by >50 mm Hg with the same level of PEEP or by >100 mm Hg whatever the level of PEEP) | CDC/NHSN criteria | Inception cohort | 3028 | 2331 | 816 | NA |
[22] | USA | 1 | MICU | 2012.12–2013.04 | Adult patients requiring mechanical ventilation | CDC/NHSN definition | NA | Retrospective cohort | 257 | 19 | NA | NA |
[23] | USA | 1 | SICU | 2012.09–2013.08 | All intubated patients admitted to SICU | CDC/NHSN definition | Criteria based on clinical pulmonary infection score (CPIS) and quantitative culture of specimens | Prospective screening test | 704 | 37 | 121 | NA |
[24] | USA | 1 | MICU, SICU | 2008.07–2013.03 | Adult patients ventilated for ≥4 calendar days continuously | CDC/NHSN definition | CDC/NHSN criteria | Retrospective cohort | 3302 | 675 | 30c | Race, comorbidities, emergent admissions |
[25] | USA | 1 | MICU, SICU, CICU, Neuro-ICU | 2009.01–2012.04 | Adult patients who were managed with mechanical ventilation | CDC/NHSN definition | CDC/NHSN criteria | Prospective cohort | 8408 | 387 | 83 | APACHE score, type of ICU |
[26] | England | 1 | MICU, SICU,CICU, Neuro-ICU | 2011.01–2011.12 | Patients on mechanical ventilation in ICU | CDC/NHSN definition | NA | Retrospective nested case–control | 2990 | 172 | NA | Age, sex, ICU type, Charlson score, and time to VAC onset |
[27] | Netherland | 2 | ICU | 2011.01–2012.07 | Adult patients who had received ≥2 consecutive days of mechanical ventilation | CDC/NHSN definition | CDC/NHSN criteria and quantitative culture of specimens | Prospective cohort | 2080 | 152 | 3 | Age, sex, APACHE score, admission type, and hospital |
[28] | England | 1 | ICU | 2006.07–2013.12 | All episodes of invasive mechanical ventilation lasting ≥3 calendar days | CDC/NHSN definition | NA | Retrospective cohort | 9603 | 1308 | NA | Age, race, sex, calendar year, ICU type, comorbidities, initial laboratory values, medications, procedures |
[29] | England | 1 | MICU, SICU, CICU, Neuro-ICU | 2006.01–2011.12 | Adult patients initiated on mechanical ventilation | CDC/NHSN definition | NA | Retrospective cohort | 20356 | 1056 | NA | Age, sex, unit type, Charlson score, use of vasopressors on the day of intubation, platelet count, total bilirubin, albumin, creatinine, and alanine aminotransferase level |
[30] | Canada | 1 | ICU | 2011.07–2012.09 | VAP patients received at least 72 h broad-spectrum antimicrobials | CDC/NHSN definition | CDC/NHSN criteria | Retrospective cohort | 81 | 45 | 81 | NA |
[31] | Canada, USA | 11 | MICU, SICU, Trauma ICU | 2007.06–2009.12 | Adult patients who met the inclusion criteria of age ≥16 years and who were mechanically ventilated for ≥48 h | CDC/NHSN definition | CDC/NHSN criteria | Interrupted time series analysis | 1320 | 139 | 148 | NA |
[32] | Australia | 1 | MICU, SICU | 2009.05–2011.01 | All patients aged >18 years who were on mechanical ventilation for >48 h | Adapted definition (increases in FiO2 by ≥15 % or PEEP by ≥2.5 cm H2O lasting ≥2 days after stable or decreasing FiO2 or PEEP lasting ≥ 2 days.) | NA | Retrospective cohort | 1657 | 153 | NA | NA |
[33] | USA | 3 | MICU, SICU | 2006–2007 | All patients aged >18 years who were on mechanical ventilation for >48 h | Adapted definition (increases in FiO2 by ≥15 % or positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) by ≥2.5 cm H2O lasting ≥2 days after stable or decreasing FiO2 or PEEP lasting ≥ 2 days.) | CDC/NHSN criteria | Retrospective nested case–control | 597 | 135 | 55 | Age, sex, hospital, unit type, and Charlson comorbidity index |
[34] | USA | 1 | ICU | 2009.07–2013.12 | Patients at least 18 years old, admitted to the ICU after trauma, required endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilator support for at least 48 h, and received a minimum of 1 unit of packed red blood cell transfusion during their mechanical ventilator support | CDC/NHSN definition | CDC/NHSN criteria | Retrospective cohort | 216 | 31 | 64 | NA |