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Table 4 Univariate analysis of risk factors for poor neurological outcome in resuscitated, comatose out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients

From: Urine biomarkers give early prediction of acute kidney injury and outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

 

Good neurological outcome (n = 99)

PNO (n = 96)

Risk factor for PNO

Crude OR (95 % CI) for PNO

p value

Baseline data

 Age, years

59.2 ± 16.4

61.0 ± 14.7

Age ≥60 years

1.32 (0.75–2.32)

0.339

 Weight, kga (n = 166)

83.0 (75.0–93.3)

85.0 (75.0–90.0)

Weight ≥85 kg

1.28 (0.69–2.36)

0.428

 Male sex

87 (87.9)

78 (81.3)

Female sex

1.67 (0.76–3.69)

0.200

 Witnessed CAa (n = 194)

94 (95.9)

75 (78.1)

Unwitnessed CA

6.58 (2.17–20.00)

<0.001

 Bystander CPR

86 (86.9)

85 (88.5)

Not bystander CPR

0.86 (0.36–2.02)

0.722

 ROSC time, mina (n = 158)

22.5 (12.0–29.0)

30.0 (23.0–40.0)

Time to ROSC ≥25 min

3.16 (1.63–6.10)

0.001

 Initial VF/VTa (n = 193)

82 (83.7)

46 (48.4)

Not initial VF/VT

5.46 (2.79–10.67)

<0.001

 SAPS II, score

67.8 ± 10.4

73.1 ± 9.9

SAPS II score ≥69

2.01 (1.13–3.56)

0.017

Admission day

 Diuresis, L/day

2.03 (1.77–2.86)

1.81 (1.43–2.50)

Diuresis <1.93 L/day

1.98 (1.12–3.50)

0.018

 Fluid balance, L/day

3.97 (2.58–5.64)

4.80 (3.46–6.45)

Fluid balance ≥4.45 L/day

2.07 (1.17–3.66)

0.012

 S-Creatinine, μmol/L

96.0 (84.0–113.0)

107.5 (94.0–139.3)

S-Creatinine ≥101 μmol/L

1.90 (1.08–3.36)

0.026

 S-Urea; mmol/L

6.3 (5.3–7.8)

7.1 (5.7–9.6)

S-Urea ≥6.7 mmol/L

1.90 (1.08–3.36)

0.026

 B-HCO3 –, mmol/L

20.6 (18.9–22.6)

19.0 (17.1–21.2)

B-HCO3 – <19.0 mmol/L

2.58 (1.42–4.71)

0.002

 B-BE, mmol/L

–5.6 (–8.2 to –3.6)

–8.5 (–12.0- –6.0)

B-BE < –7.0 mmol/L

4.18 (2.30–7.68)

<0.001

 B-Lactate, mmol/L

2.8 (1.6–5.4)

5.1 (3.1–9.1)

B-Lactate ≥4.1 mmol/L

2.68 (1.50–4.77)

0.001

 SOFA, score

10.0 (9.0–11.0)

11.0 (10.0–12.0)

SOFA score ≥10

3.66 (1.85–7.24)

<0.001

Urine biomarkers (n = 195 at admission and n = 164 at day 3)

 Admission cystatin C, ng/mL

166 (55–411)

612 (141–2420)

Admission cystatin C ≥291 ng/mL

3.33 (1.85–6.00)

<0.001

 Day 3 cystatin C, ng/mLa

45 (17–113)

137 (32–595)

Day 3 cystatin C ≥59 ng/mL

3.22 (1.69–6.13)

<0.001

 Admission NGAL, ng/mL

91 (42–315)

497 (144–1286)

Admission NGAL ≥219 ng/mL

4.01 (2.21–7.27)

<0.001

 Day 3 NGAL, ng/mLa

61 (26–146)

213 (95–755)

Day 3 NGAL ≥110 ng/mL

4.21 (2.18–8.12)

<0.001

 Admission TIMP-2 × IGFBP7

0.25 (0.04–1.03)

0.43 (0.12–2.15)

Admission TIMP-2 × IGFBP7 ≥ 0.36

1.74 (0.99–3.08)

0.053

 Day 3 TIMP-2 × IGFBP7a

0.14 (0.07–0.30)

0.23 (0.10–0.61)

Day 3 TIMP-2 × IGFBP7 ≥ 0.18

1.73 (0.93–3.22)

0.084

Outcome

 Hospital RRT

2 (2.0)

6 (6.3)

Treatment with RRT

3.28 (0.64–16.39)

0.137

 AKI within 3 days

29 (29.3)

59 (61.5)

Presence of AKI

3.85 (2.12–6.94)

<0.001

 Dead at 6 months

0 (0.0)

88 (91.7)

Death

 

n.a.

  1. aData from some patients are missing
  2. Categorical data are presented as number (percent), continuous data with skewed distribution as median (interquartile range), and continuous data with normal distribution or mean (± standard deviation)
  3. Presented p values are from univariate Pearson’s Chi square analysis
  4. AKI acute kidney injury, B whole blood, BE base excess, CA cardiac arrest, CI confidence interval, CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation, HCO 3 – bicarbonate, IGFBP7 insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7, n.a. not applicable, NGAL neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, OR odds ratio, PNO poor neurological outcome defined as cerebral performance category 3–5, ROSC return of spontaneous circulation, RRT renal replacement therapy, S serum, SAPS simplified acute physiology score, SOFA sequential organ failure assessment, TIMP-2 tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2, VF/VT ventricular fibrillation/ventricular tachycardia
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Critical Care

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