Impact of HIV infection on the presentation, outcome and host response in patients admitted to the intensive care unit with sepsis; a case control study

Table 1 Baseline characteristics and outcome of all sepsis admissions stratified according to HIV infection status

	HIV-positive (n = 41)	HIV-negative (n = 2210)	P
Demographics^a
Age, years, mean (SD)	49.6 (12)	60.4 (15.5)	<0.0001
Gender, male (%)	24 (75)	1154 (6)	0.14
Race, white (%)	18 (56.2)	1652 (89)	0.005
Admissions
Readmission (%)	9 (22.0)	353 (16.0)	0.39
New HIV diagnosis (%)	6 (14.6)	--	--
Severity of disease in first 24 hours
SOFA score, median (IQR)^b	7 (3-10.5)	7 (4–9)	0.38
Organ failure (%)	35 (85.4)	1802 (81.5)	1
Shock (%)	9 (22)	606 (27.4)	0.50
HIV disease severity and treatment
CD4 count, cells/mm³, median (IQR)^c	70 (23-346)	--	--
Viral load, cp/ml, median (IQR)^d	105 (48-54916)	--	--
On cART (%)	29 (70.7)	--	--
Viral suppression (%)	18 (47.4)	--	--
Outcome
Length of ICU stay, median days (IQR)	4 (1–11)	4 (2–8)	0.47
Organ failure during admission (%)	37 (90.2)	1915 (86.7)	0.73
Shock during admission (%)	15 (36.6)	750 (33.9)	0.74
30-day mortality (%)^a	6 (18.8)	481 (25.9)	0.42
60-day mortality (%)^a	11 (34.4)	568 (30.6)	0.72
90-day mortality (%)^a	13 (40.6)	629 (33.9)	0.57
1-year mortality (%)^a	16 (50)	794 (42.8)	0.35

^aDemographic and mortality data are given for the first ICU admission during the study period; readmissions were not included, resulting in analysis of 32 HIV-positive patients and 1857 HIV-negative patients. From the total of 2251 admissions, 23 were lost to follow up at day 30 (1 %), 32 at day 60 (1.4 %), 37 at day 90 (1.6 %), and 59 at 1 year (2.6 %) after ICU admission. ^bThe central nervous system score was excluded from the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score calculation, because of a large number of sedated patients. ^cCD4 counts were available for 39 admissions. In 32 patients (82 %) the CD4 count was obtained within 120 days prior to admission, and 7 patients (18 %) had a CD4 count obtained on admission or within 30 days after admission. ^dViral loads were available for 39 admissions. Viral suppression was defined as a viral load below the detection limit, which was <40 copies/ml or <50 copies/ml, depending on the hospital laboratory. cART combination antiretroviral therapy, IQR interquartile range, SD standard deviation

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