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Table 3 Factors associated with daily participation in PT interventions in the ICU

From: The association of sleep quality, delirium, and sedation status with daily participation in physical therapy in the ICU

Variable

Bivariable RRR (95 % CI)

P valuea

Multinomial RRR (95 % CI)

P valuea

Overall sleep quality, per 10 points on RCSQc

0.99 (0.94–1.05)

0.77

1.02 (0.96–1.07)

0.55

Baseline variables

    

Age, per year

1.00 (0.99–1.01)

0.59

1.00 (0.99–1.02)

0.50

Female sex

0.84 (0.57–1.23)

0.37

0.78 (0.54–1.13)

0.19

Race

    

 White

REF

   

 Black

0.76 (0.54–1.06)

0.10

0.84 (0.58–1.23)

0.37

 Other

0.72 (0.40–1.32)

0.29

0.54 (0.30–0.99)

0.047

Ambulatory status prior to ICU admission

    

 Ambulatory

REF

   

 Not ambulatory

0.83 (0.49–1.40)

0.48

0.48 (0.27–0.84)

0.01

 Unknown/missing

0.78 (0.47–1.30)

0.34

0.98 (0.58–1.67)

0.95

Intensive care variablesb

    

Admission diagnosis category

    

 Respiratory failure

REF

   

 Gastrointestinal

0.95 (0.50–1.80)

0.86

0.94 (0.49–1.81)

0.86

 Sepsis, non-pulmonary

0.87 (0.56–1.36)

0.56

0.78 (0.45–1.36)

0.38

 Cardiovascular

1.19 (0.63–2.23)

0.59

1.06 (0.56–2.02)

0.86

 Other

1.09 (0.70–1.69)

0.70

1.15 (0.75–1.76)

0.52

Mechanically ventilated

0.93 (0.66–1.32)

0.69

1.10 (0.75–1.61)

0.64

Delirious stated

0.50 (0.37–0.68)

<0.001

  

Received benzodiazepine bolus dose

1.13 (0.75–1.70)

0.56

  

Received opioid bolus dose

0.86 (0.60–1.22)

0.40

0.68 (0.47–0.99)

0.04

Received sedation infusione

0.59 (0.42– 0.81)

0.001

0.58 (0.40–0.85)

0.01

Did not receive benzodiazepine bolus and normal mental statusd,f

  

REF

 

Received benzodiazepine bolus and normal mental statusd,f

  

1.50 (0.88–2.54)

0.13

Delirious state and did not receive benzodiazepine bolusd,f

  

0.56 (0.41–0.76)

<0.001

Delirious state and received benzodiazepine bolusd, f

  

0.25 (0.13–0.50)

<0.001

  1. PT physical therapy, ICU intensive care unit, RRR relative risk ratio, CI confidence interval, RCSQ Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire
  2. aCalculated using a first-order Markov multinomial regression model, with robust variance estimates to account for within-patient clustering of repeated daily assessment of participation in PT interventions. RRR >1 interpreted as having greater participation with PT intervention on the following day
  3. bDaily ICU variables measured the day before assessment for participation with PT intervention
  4. cScored using 100-mm visual-analogue scale, with higher scores representing better sleep quality
  5. dMeasured by the Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (CAM-ICU) on the morning prior to attempted PT
  6. eIncludes benzodiazepine and/or opioid infusions. During this study, benzodiazepine infusions were co-administered with opioid infusions on 356 of 373 (95 %) patient-days, and these variables were therefore combined into a single variable
  7. fAssessed using interaction term in the multivariable regression model