Table 2 Baseline characteristics, clinical course and outcome of patients with diabetes mellitus and sepsis, who were stratified according insulin or metformin use prior to ICU admission

Patients, n (%)

133 (55.2 %)

108 (44.8 %)

114 (47.3 %)

127 (52.7 %)

Demographic data

Age mean (SD), years

64.3 (12.5)

68.1 (10.0)

<0.01

67.0 (10.4)

65.1 (12.6)

0.19

Gender male, n (%)

71 (53.4 %)

73 (67.6 %)

0.04

78 (68.4 %)

66 (52.0 %)

0.01

Body mass index mean (SD)

28.9 (8.5)

28.9 (6.7)

0.98

29.0 (7.7)

28.8 (7.9)

0.86

Race, white, n (%)

115 (86.5 %)

87 (80.6 %)

0.45

97 (85.1 %)

105 (82.7 %)

0.66

Medical admission, n (%)

104 (78.2 %)

84 (77.8 %)

>0.99

92 (80.7 %)

96 (75.6 %)

0.37

Chronic comorbidity, n (%)

 Cardiovascular compromise

49 (36.8 %)

54 (50.0 %)

0.05

48 (42.1 %)

55 (43.3 %)

0.89

 COPD

22 (16.5 %)

15 (13.9 %)

0.59

16 (14.0 %)

21 (16.5 %)

0.59

 Hypertension

66 (49.6 %)

63 (58.3 %)

0.20

65 (57.0 %)

64 (50.4 %)

0.34

 Malignancy

25 (18.8 %)

36 (33.3 %)

0.02

32 (28.1 %)

29 (22.8 %)

0.38

 Renal insufficiency

41 (30.8 %)

16 (14.8 %)

<0.01

10 (8.8 %)

47 (37.0 %)

<0.001

 Modified Charlson Comorbidity Index^a

4 (3–6)

5 (4–6)

0.01

5 (3–6)

5 (3–6)

0.85

Diabetic medication, n (%)

 Insulin

132 (100.0 %)

-

44 (38.6 %)

88 (69.3 %)

<0.001

 Metformin

44 (33.1 %)

70 (64.8 %)

<0.001

114 (100.0 %)

-

 Glimepiride

5 (3.8 %)

17 (15.7 %)

<0.01

18 (15.8 %)

4 (3.1 %)

<0.001

 Glibenclamide

-

1 (0.9 %)

0.47

1 (0.9 %)

-

 Gliclazide

2 (1.5 %)

3 (2.8 %)

0.66

2 (1.8 %)

3 (2.4 %)

>0.99

 Tolbutamide

3 (2.3 %)

21 (19.4 %)

<0.001

8 (7.0 %)

16 (12.6 %)

0,18

 Any oral anti-diabetic medication

48 (36.1 %)

89 (82.4 %)

<0.001

114 (100.0 %)

23 (18.1 %)

<0.0001

Severity of disease on ICU admission

 APACHE IV score, median (IQR)

82 (67–106)

83 (65–103)

0.97

83 (64–106)

82 (68–104)

0.62

 APACHE APS, median (IQR)

68 (52–87)

65 (51–85)

0.54

66 (50–90)

68 (54–86)

0.56

 SOFA score, median (IQR)

7 (6–9)

7 (5–9)

0.58

7 (5–8)

8 (6–10)

0.05

 Mechanical ventilation, n (%)

79 (59.4 %)

76 (70.4 %)

0.07

70 (61.4 %)

85 (66.9 %)

0.41

 Organ failure, n (%)

115 (86.5 %)

87 (80.6 %)

0.56

94 (82.5 %)

108 (85.0 %)

0.77

 Shock, n (%)

46 (34.6 %)

32 (29.6 %)

0.50

28 (24.6 %)

50 (39.4 %)

0.02

 Acute kidney injury, n (%)

56 (42.1 %)

40 (37.0 %)

0.43

50 (43.9 %)

46 (36.2 %)

0.22

 Acute lung injury, n (%)

31 (23.3 %)

30 (27.8 %)

0.46

30 (26.3 %)

31 (24.4 %)

0.79

 Acute myocardial infarction, n (%)

4 (3.0 %)

3 (2.8 %)

>0.99

5 (4.4 %)

2 (1.6 %)

0.25

Laboratory measurements first 24 hours after ICU admission (peak values), median (IQR)

 Glucose (mmol/L)

12.8 (10.8–16.6)

12.9 (10.0–15.5)

0.17

12.5 (10.3–15.5)

13.3 (10.6–16.7)

0.43

 Lactate (mmol/mL)

3.2 (2-4.9)

2.9 (1.6–4.5)

0.35

2.7 (1.6–4.5)

3.3 (2–5.1)

0.22

 Creatinin (μmol/L)

146 (89–228)

123 (92–173)

0.08

124 (87–170)

151 (95–255)

0.01

Outcome

 Length of ICU stay (days), median (IQR)

4 (2-9)

4 (2-9)

>.99

5 (2-10)

4 (2-9)

0.65

 Hospital length of stay (days), median (IQR)

21 (11–44)

21 (9–38)

0.55

22 (11–44)

20 (10–40)

0.44

 Complications, n (%)

  None

108 (81.2 %)

91 (84.3 %)

0.60

96 (84.2 %)

103 (81.1 %)

0.62

  Acute kidney injury

13 (9.8 %)

12 (11.1 %)

0.82

11 (9.6 %)

14 (11.0 %)

0.84

  Acute lung injury

7 (5.3 %)

3 (2.8 %)

0.35

4 (3.5 %)

6 (4.7 %)

0.76

  ICU-acquired weakness

6 (4.5 %)

7 (6.5 %)

0.56

6 (5.3 %)

7 (5.5 %)

>0.99

  Acute myocardial infarction

1 (0.8 %)

1 (0.9 %)

>0.99

2 (1.8 %)

-

0.22

  ICU-acquired infection

16 (12.0 %)

6 (5.6 %)

0.13

8 (7.0 %)

14 (11.0 %)

0.39

Mortality, n (%)

 ICU

23 (17.3 %)

24 (22.2 %)

0.42

18 (15.8 %)

29 (22.8 %)

0.20

 Hospital

43 (32.3 %)

35 (32.4 %)

>0.99

32 (28.1 %)

46 (36.2 %)

0.22

 Day 30

41 (30.8 %)

31 (28.7 %)

0.77

31 (27.2 %)

41 (32.3 %)

0.47

 Day 60

50 (37.6 %)

40 (37.0 %)

>0.99

38 (33.3 %)

52 (40.9 %)

0.25

 Day 90

51 (38.3 %)

44 (40.7 %)

0.79

41 (36.0 %)

54 (42.5 %)

0.30