Table 1 Patient demographics and comparisons

Number of patients

959

340

619

102

752

 Age, years

65 (55–75)

64 (52–74)

65 (55–75)

0.030

66 (57–74)

65 (55–75)

0.802

 Male sex, %

65.4

70.0

62.8

0.026

64.6

64.0

0.892

 Black race, %

0.2

0

0.3

0.294

0

0.3

0.593

 Diabetes mellitus, %

27.5

27.4

27.6

0.928

29.4

28.6

0.864

 Baseline CKD KDIGO stage ≥3, %

39.6

44.2

37.0

0.084

51.6

37.3

0.010

 Baseline eGFR, ml/minute/1.73 m²

69.0 (47.0–91.1)

63.4 (44.4–82.9)

74.1 (49.2–93.8)

0.004

57.3 (42.8–76.5)

72.9 (49.2–93.4)

0.001

 Baseline serum creatinine, mg/dl

1.07 (0.82–1.41)

1.15 (0.92–1.48)

1.00 (0.79–1.31)

<0.001

1.21 (0.96–1.58)

1.03 (0.80–1.34)

<0.001

  Medical, %

45.8

36.4

51.1

<0.001

32.0

49.6

0.001

  Surgical, %

54.2

63.6

48.9

68.0

50.4

  Urgent, %

61.0

60.2

61.8

0.729

60.2

61.8

0.729

  Elective, %

39.0

39.8

38.2

39.8

38.2

  SAPS II

63 (45–78)

52 (39–69)

70 (54–83)

<0.001

49 (34–69)

68 (49–82)

<0.001

  SOFA score, total

10 (6–14)

9 (5–12)

12 (8–15)

<0.001

5 (1–9)

11 (7–14)

<0.001

  SOFA score, nonrenal

7 (3–11)

6 (2–9)

8 (5–12)

<0.001

8 (5–12)

8 (4–11)

<0.001

  Mechanical ventilation, %

88.6

82.4

92.0

<0.001

80.8

90.1

0.006

  Vasoactive medication, %

66.2

52.0

74.0

<0.001

48.0

70.4

<0.001

  Oliguria, %

48.9

45.8

50.8

0.171

36.6

50.9

0.010

  Fluid balance, ml

2163 (1180–3578)

2021 (1019–3220)

2200 (1268–4000)

0.049

1919 (1003–2996)

2229 (1311–4000)

0.054

  Urine output, ml

561 (178–1080)

621 (246–1230)

529 (157–1020)

0.055

792 (297–1483)

529 (152–1055)

0.007

  Diuretics, %

49.3

56.7

45.2

0.001

61.3

45.9

<0.001

  ICU to RRT length of stay, days

2 (1–7)

2 (1–5)

2 (1–8)

0.050

2 (1–6)

3 (1–8)

0.144

  Serum creatinine, mg/dl

3.57 (2.62–4.69)

4.23 (3.26–5.58)

3.26 (2.38–4.25)

<0.001

4.18 (3.11–5.14)

3.38 (2.47–4.44)

<0.001

  Serum hemoglobin, g/dl

9.3 (8.3–10.3)

9.5 (8.6–10.5)

9.2 (8.2–10.2)

0.001

9.4 (8.6–10.4)

9.2 (8.2–10.2)

0.001

  Platelets, ×10³/mm³

115 (67–184)

146 (89–219)

100 (55–158)

<0.001

144 (89–202)

104 (60–177)

<0.001

  Serum sodium, mmol/L

139 (135–144)

138 (134–142)

140 (136–145)

<0.001

137 (133–142)

140 (136–144)

<0.001

  Serum potassium, mmol/L

4.6 (4.1–5.3)

4.8 (4.2–5.4)

4.6 (4.1–5.2)

0.012

4.9 (4.2–5.4)

4.6 (4.1–5.2)

0.007

  Serum chloride, mmol/L

102 (98–107)

101 (97–106)

103 (98–108)

0.051

101 (97–106)

103 (98–108)

0.005

  Serum bilirubin, mg/dl

1.6 (0.7–4.2)

1.3 (0.6–3.3)

1.7 (0.7–4.8)

0.004

1.35 (0.60–2.90)

1.27 (0.86–1.82)

0.001

  Serum urea, g/dl

1.28 (0.90–1.83)

1.33 (0.99–1.83)

1.26 (0.85–1.87)

0.062

1.36 (1.00–1.85)

1.27 (0.86–1.82)

0.173

  Serum albumin, g/dl

2.2 (1.8–2.6)

2.3 (2.0–2.8)

2.1 (1.8–2.5)

<0.001

2.3 (2.0–2.6)

2.2 (1.8–2.6)

0.003

  Lactate, mg/dl

24 (12–82)

15 (10–36)

34 (15–100)

<0.001

14 (9–29)

29 (14–94)

<0.001

  pH

7.30 (7.24–7.37)

7.34 (7.27–7.39)

7.29 (7.21–7.36)

<0.001

7.33 (7.27–7.38)

7.29 (7.22–7.36)

<0.001

  Base excess

−5.2 (−8.3, −2.2)

−4.2 (−6.4, −1.6)

−6.0 (−9.4, −2.5)

<0.001

−4.5 (−7.1, −1.8)

−5.5 (−9.1, −2.5)

0.001

 IHD, %

54.0

67.6

46.4

<0.001

72.5

49.5

<0.001

 SLEDD, %

15.8

16.2

15.6

14.7

15.5

 CRRT, %

30.2

16.2

38.0

12.7

35.0

 Late (KDIGO stage ≥3), %

54.1

58.9

51.6

0.087

61.1

58.8

0.735