Table 1 Patient characteristics

Number of patients (%)

1926 (4.5)

40,624 (95.5)

Age, years, mean (SD)

66 (17)

62 (21)

<0.01

Male sex, n (%)

929 (48)

15,987 (39)

<0.01

EMS staffing level, n (%)

<0.01

 Critical care

188 (10)

427 (1)

 ALS

1676 (87)

37,646 (93)

 BLS

61 (3)

2540 (6)

Initial prehospital vital signs, mean ± SD

 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

131 ± 36

139 ± 28

<0.01

 Heart rate, beats/minute

96 ± 26

89 ± 20

<0.01

 Respiratory rate, breaths/minute

20 ± 7

19 ± 5

<0.01

 Oxygen saturation, %

93 ± 9

96 ± 10

<0.01

 Glasgow Coma Scale score

12 ± 4

14 ± 2

<0.01

Diagnostic category, n (%)^a

<0.01

 Respiratory

405 (21)

4863 (12)

 Neurological

475 (25)

6733 (17)

 Cardiovascular

180 (9)

4199 (10)

 Abdominal

134 (7)

4208 (10)

 Metabolic/endocrine

22 (1)

683 (2)

 Psychiatric/toxicology

52 (3)

1000 (2)

 Fall

94 (5)

4310 (11)

 Obstetric/gynecologic

1 (<1)

374 (1)

 Medical (NOS)

386 (20)

8025 (20)

 Other

138 (7)

2356 (6)

Scene to hospital destination, miles, median [IQR]

6.5 [3.5–9.3]

5.8 [2.8–8.0]

<0.01

Prehospital interventions, n (%)

 Intubation

128 (7)

86 (<1)

<0.01

 Supplemental oxygen

1001 (58)

14,626 (44)

<0.01

 ECG monitoring

340 (20)

5807 (17)

<0.02

 Peripheral or central intravenous access

1135 (66)

19,160 (57)

<0.01

Components of critical illness, n (%)

 Ever received mechanical ventilation

1643 (85)

208 (<1)

<0.01

 Ever received vasopressor

912 (47)

65 (<1)

<0.01

 ICU location in electronic health record

1926 (100)

3279 (8)

<0.01

Hospital length of stay, days, median [IQR]

10 [6–17]

2 [1–5]

<0.01

Hospital mortality, n (%)

463 (24)

447 (1)

<0.01