Table 1 Clinical studies of volumetric capnography

ARDS

VDphys/VT (Enghoff approach; equation with PĒCO₂ estimated by indirect calorimeter or Vcap)

Predictive value of mortality

[23–27]

VDphys/VT (Enghoff approach; equation with PĒCO₂ estimated by Douglas bag or Vcap)

VDalv, VDalv/VTalv, VAE/VT (Vcap)

Pa-ETCO₂ gradient

Indication values of recruitment with estimation of the best PEEP

[28]

Experimental model studies [29, 30]

Indices of Vcap unmodified during PEEP without recruitment maneuvers

[32, 33]

VDalv/VT (mainstream CO₂ sensor)

Indication value of prone position’s response

[36]

VDphys/VT (Enghoff approach; equation with PĒCO₂ estimated by indirect calorimeter)

Indices of Vcap unmodified during prone position

[37]

Pulmonary embolism

AVDSf, ETCO₂/O₂, time-based capnogram area and Vcap

Diagnostic tool in ER

Meta-analysis [43]

VDalv/VT (Enghoff approach; Vcap)

[39]

Fdlate, PE index (Enghoff approach; Vcap)

[40, 42]

Fdlate, slope III (Enghoff approach; Vcap)

Pa-ETCO₂ gradient

AVDSf

Therapeutic efficacy in ER (case report)

[44, 45]

Healthy patient undergoing elective surgery

VDalv/VTalv (Enghoff approach; Vcap)

Indices of Vcap unmodified during prone position

[38]

VDphys/VT (Enghoff approach; Vcap)

Indication values of recruitment and estimation best PEEP (hysterectomies and hemicolectomies; faciomaxillary surgery)

[46, 47]

Obese patient during bariatric surgery

Slope of phase III (SIII) (Vcap)

Indication values of recruitment and estimation of the best PEEP

[48]

VTCO₂,br and VDphys/VT (Bohr approach; Vcap)

[49]

One-lung ventilation during thoracic surgery

VDalv/VTalv (Enghoff approach; Vcap)

Indication values of recruitment and estimation of the best PEEP

[51]

VDalv/VTalv, VDphys/VT (Enghoff approach; Vcap)

Physiological dead space did not change but alveolar indice of Vcap improved during recruitment

[52]

Weaning from ventilator

VDphys/VT (Enghoff’ approach; Vcap)

Predictive value of successful extubation (pediatric and adult population)

[53, 54]