Table 1 Risk factors for the development of acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery
From: Acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery: current understanding and future directions
Preoperative | Intraoperative | Postoperative |
|---|---|---|
Advanced age | Complex surgery | Vasopressor exposure |
Female gender | Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) duration | Inotrope exposure |
Hypertension | Â | Diuretic exposure |
Hyperlipidemia | Need to return to CPB | Blood transfusion |
Chronic kidney disease | Low hematocrit during CPB | Anemia |
Liver disease | Aortic cross-clamp time | Hypovolemia |
Peripheral vascular disease | Hypoperfusion | Venous congestion |
Previous stroke | Hypovolemia | Cardiogenic shock |
Smoking history | Venous congestion | Â |
Diabetes | Emboli (cholesterol and other) | Â |
Anemia | Inotrope exposure | Â |