Structural equation modelling exploration of the key pathophysiological processes involved in cardiac surgery-related acute kidney injury in infants

Mirela Bojan; Maria Constanza Basto Duarte; Natalia Ermak; Vanessa Lopez-Lopez; Agnès Mogenet; Marc Froissart

doi:10.1186/s13054-016-1350-1

Critical Care

Table 1 Characteristics of the study population

From: Structural equation modelling exploration of the key pathophysiological processes involved in cardiac surgery-related acute kidney injury in infants

Characteristics	Data
Demographic characteristics
Age, days	95.8 ± 91.1
≤ 28 days of birth	75 (37.5)
≤ 48 h of birth	5 (2.5)
Weight, kg	4.4 ± 1.5
Medical history before surgery
Genetic syndrome	8 (4)
Resternotomy	18 (9)
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation	2 (1)
Mechanical ventilation	11 (5.5)
Inotropic support	3 (1.5)
Infection	19 (9.5)
Enteropathy	4 (2)
Medication before surgery
Furosemide	42 (21)
Spironolactone	12 (6)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors	28 (14)
Beta blockers	12 (6)
Prostaglandin E₁	44 (22)
Aminoglycoside antibiotics	31 (15.5)
Vancomycin	18 (9)
Angiography within 1 week before surgery	22 (11)
Intra-operative variables
STS-EACTS Congenital Heart Surgery Mortality Score	0.94 ± 0.79
Duration of cardiopulmonary bypass, minutes	118.2 ± 63.0
Surgery requiring aortic cross-clamping	190 (95)
Duration of aortic cross-clamping, minutes	62.9 ± 33.9
Ultrafiltration rate, ml kg⁻¹ min⁻¹ of bypass	1.4 ± 0.6
Surgery requiring deep hypothermic circulatory arrest	18 (9)
Packed red blood cell transfusions, ml	469.9 ± 153.9
Fresh frozen plasma transfusions, ml	221.1 ± 116.4
Platelet transfusions, ml	61.8 ± 32.7
Post-operative variables
Requirement for delayed sternal closure	38 (19)
Requirement for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation	3 (1.5)
Peak lactacidemia within 6 h of surgery, mmol L⁻¹	3.8 ± 2.0
Peak lactacidemia within 48 h of surgery, mmol L⁻¹	3.7 ± 1.9
Vasoactive-inotropic score within 48 h of surgery, μg kg⁻¹ min⁻¹	15.05 ± 7.29
Delay to sternal closure, days	3.9 ± 3.5
Post-operative renal variables
Peak serum creatinine within 48 h of surgery, mmol L⁻¹)	49.2 ± 23.1
Peak ΔsCr within 48 h of surgery, %	26.4 ± 47.1
Mean urine output within 24 h of surgery, ml kg⁻¹ h⁻¹	4.1 ± 2.7
Negative fluid balance, ml kg⁻¹ 24 h⁻¹	−28.06 ± 26.8
Peritoneal dialysis	16 (8)
Duration of peritoneal dialysis, days	0.24 ± 0.96
AKI stage according to AKIN system
Stage 1	16 (8)
Stage 2	8 (4)
Stage 3	17 (8.5)
Duration of mechanical ventilation, days	1 [0–5]
Duration of intensive care unit stay, days	4.5 [2–7]
In-hospital death	8 (4)

AKI acute kidney injury, AKIN Acute Kidney Injury Network, ΔsCr serum creatinine variation relative to baseline, STS-EACTS Society of Thoracic Surgeons and European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery
Data are shown as mean ± SD, median [IQR] or number and proportion

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