Table 3 Rhabdomyolysis etiology classification [2, 25–27, 44]
From: Beyond muscle destruction: a systematic review of rhabdomyolysis for clinical practice
Type | Cause | Examples |
|---|---|---|
Acquired | Trauma | “Crush syndrome” |
Exertion | Intense muscle activity, energy depletion, electrolyte imbalance | |
Ischemia | Immobilization, compression, thrombosis | |
Illicit drugs | Cocaine, heroin, LSD | |
Alcohol | Acute or chronic consumption | |
Drugs | Dose-dependent, multiple interactions | |
Infections | Bacterial, viral, parasitic | |
Extreme temperatures | Hyperthermia, hypothermia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome | |
Endocrinopathies | Hyper/hypo-thyroidism, diabetic complications | |
Toxins | Spider bites, wasp stings, snake venom | |
Inherited | Metabolic myopathies | Glycogen storage, fatty acid, mitochondrial disorders |
Structural myopathies | Dystrophinopathy, dysferlinopathy | |
Channel related gene mutations | RYR1 gene mutation, SCN4A gene mutation | |
Others | Lipin-1 gene mutation, sickle-cell disease, “benign exertional rhabdomyolysis” |