Table 2 Studies included with treatment details

Altintepe et al. 2007 [55]

CS

N = 9

Fluid type used 5 % dextrose and 0.45 NS.

4–8 L of IV fluid daily

40 mEq NaHCO₃ and 50 mL of 20 % mannitol mixed with 1 L of IV fluid (0.45 % NaCl and 5 % dextrose)

They targeted a urine pH above or equal 6.5

2 patients (28.6 %) developed AKI

Patients received hemodialysis due to hyperkalemia

Cho et al. 2007 [56]

PS

N = 28

Fluid therapy consisted of lactated Ringer’s solution (13 patients) versus NS (15 patients) (the authors concluded that LR was more useful than NS)

IV fluid rate 400 mL/h

Bicarbonate was used to achieve urine pH ≥6.5 in the patients with NS IV fluid

No patient developed AKI

Talaie et al. 2008 [51]

RS

N = 156

Fluid therapy given 1–8 L in the first 24 h (mean IV fluid 3.2 L/24 h)

Bicarbonate was given to 115 patients

30 patients (28.6 %) developed AKI

Zepeda-Orozco et al. 2008 [57]

RS

N = 28

36 % of the patients received saline infusion (20 mL/kg) in the first 24 h

79 % of patients received sodium bicarbonate IV fluid

11 patients (39.2) developed AKI

7 patients with CK levels >5000 U/L required RRT

Sanadgol et al. 2009 [58]

CS

N = 31

0.45 % NS

15 mEqL NaHC03 mixed with IV fluid

Alkaline IV solution 3–5× more than maintenance rate was used

8 patients (25.8 %) developed AKI

Iraj et al. 2011 [34]

PS

N = 638

Authors recommend >6 L/day in severe RM and ≥3 L/day IV fluid in moderate RM to decrease the incidence of AKI

NA

134 patients (21 %) developed AKI

110 patients required RRT