Table 2 American College of Surgeons Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) classification of blood loss* based on initial patient presentation. Table reprinted with permission from the American College of Surgeons [84]
| Â | Class I | Class II | Class III | Class IV |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Blood loss (ml) | Up to 750 | 750–1500 | 1500–2000 | >2000 |
Blood loss (% blood volume) | Up to 15 % | 15–30 % | 30–40 % | >40 % |
Pulse rate (bpm) | <100 | 100–120 | 120–140 | >140 |
Systolic blood pressure | Normal | Normal | Decreased | Decreased |
Pulse pressure (mmHg) | Normal or increased | Decreased | Decreased | Decreased |
Respiratory rate | 14–20 | 20–30 | 30–40 | >35 |
Urine output (ml/h) | >30 | 20–30 | 5–15 | Negligible |
CNS/mental status | Slightly anxious | Mildly anxious | Anxious, confused | Confused, lethargic |
Initial fluid replacement | Crystalloid | Crystalloid | Crystalloid and blood | Crystalloid and blood |