Table 1 Effects of variable ventilation compared to conventional ventilation from in vitro and in vivo experimental models

Oxygenation

↗

Porcine/

Healthy

Controlled

[24]

↗

canine

ARDS (surfactant lavage)

Controlled/assisted

[15, 16, 28]

↗

ARDS (oleic acid)

Controlled

[13, 14, 29, 30]

↗

ARDS (double‐hit model¹)

Controlled/assisted

[36, 50]

↔

ARDS (oleic acid)

Controlled

[31, 33, 34]

↗

Guinea pig

ARDS (endotoxin induced)

Controlled

[35]

↗

Healthy

Controlled

[38]

↔

Rats

Healthy

Controlled

[26]

↗

ARDS (HCl acid)

Controlled

[27]

↗

Mice

ARDS (HCl acid)

Controlled

[32]

Aeration

↗

Porcine

ARDS (oleic acid)

Controlled

[31]

↔

ARDS (surfactant lavage)

Assisted

[39]

Perfusion

↗

Porcine

ARDS (surfactant lavage)

Assisted

[39]

Respiratory system compliance (C_RS)

↗

Porcine/

Healthy

Controlled

[24]

↗

canine

ARDS (surfactant lavage)

Controlled/assisted

[15, 16, 28]

↗

ARDS (oleic acid)

Controlled

[13, 29–31, 34]

↔

[14, 33]

↗

ARDS (double‐hit model¹)

Controlled/assisted

[36, 50]

↗

Guinea pig

ARDS (endotoxin induced)

Controlled

[35]

↔

Healthy

[38]

↗

Rats

Healthy; ARDS (HCl acid)

Controlled

[26, 27]

↗

Mice

ARDS (HCl acid)

Controlled

[32]

Surfactant release and production

↗

Guinea pig

None

Controlled

[38]

↔

Porcine

ARDS (oleic acid)

Controlled

[30]

Inflammation

↘

Cell

ARDS (LPS)

Controlled

[43]

↘

Mice

ARDS (HCl acid)

Controlled

[32]

↘

Guinea pig

None

Controlled

[38]

↘

Porcine

ARDS (oleic acid)

Controlled

[14]

↔

ARDS (oleic acid/surfactant lavage); Bronchospasm

Controlled

[15, 30, 42]

↔

Lambs

Pre‐term

Controlled

[25]

↔

Porcine

ARDS (surfactant lavage)

Assisted

[23, 36]

Damage (histology)

↘

Porcine

ARDS (surfactant lavage)

Controlled

[15]

↔

ARDS (oleic acid)

[30]

↔

ARDS (surfactant lavage)

Assisted

[23, 36]

Resolution of edema

↗↔

Porcine

ARDS (oleic acid)

Controlled

[34]

↗

ARDS (surfactant lavage)

Assisted

[23, 36]