Table 1 Summary of the included randomized controlled trials of early versus late tracheotomy
From: Timing of tracheotomy in ICU patients: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Study | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Patients | Â | Â | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Definition of early versus late tracheotomya(days) | Type of ICU; number of ICUs | Number of patients, early versus late groups | Inclusion criteria | Excluded | Major disease category | APACHE II/SAPS II | Tracheotomy rate (number (%)) in early versus late groups | Percutaneous dilatation tracheotomy (number (%)) in early versus late groups | |
Saffle et al. (2002) [38] | 2-4 vs. 14–16 | Burn; 1 | 21 vs. 23 | High predicted probability of prolonged MV |  | Burn (100 %) | NA | 21 (100 %) vs. 16 (70 %) | NA |
Rumbak et al. (2004) [16] | ≤2 vs. >14 | Medical; 2 | 60 vs. 60 | exp. >14 d MV; APACHE II >25 |  | Respiratory failure (100 %), severe sepsis (68 %) | 26.9 | 60 (100 %) vs. 50 (83 %) | All in both groups |
Barquist et al. (2006) [39] | <8 vs. >28 | Trauma; 1 | 29 vs. 31 | GCS >4 with no head injury; GCS >9 with head injury | Â | Trauma (100Â %) | 12.6 | 27 (93Â %) vs. 11 (35Â %) | 0/27 (0Â %) vs. 0/11 (0Â %) |
Blot et al. (2008) [40] | ≤4 vs. >14 | Medical and surgical; 25 | 61 vs. 62 | exp. >7 d MV | Irreversible neurological disease | Respiratory failure (33 %), neurology (23 %), trauma (19 %) | NA/50 | 60 (98 %) vs. 16 (26 %) | 19/60 (32 %) vs. 7/16 (44 %) |
Terragni et al. (2010) [17] | 6-8 vs. 13–15 | NA; 12 | 209 vs. 210 | SAPS II = 35–65; SOFA ≥5; worsening respiratory conditions; unchanged/worse SOFA sore | Pneumonia (CPIS ≥6); COPD | Respiratory failure (46 %), neurology (24 %), cardiovascular disease (23 %) | NA/50.4 | 145 (69 %) vs. 119 (57 %) | 141/145 (97 %) vs. 113/119 (95 %) |
Trouillet et al. (2011) [18] | <5-7 vs. >19 | Surgical; 1 | 109 vs. 107 | exp. >7 d MV | Irreversible neurologic disorder | Post-cardiac surgery (100Â %) | NA/46.5 | 109 (100Â %) vs. 29 (27Â %) | All in both groups |
Zheng et al. (2012) [41] | 3 vs. 15 | Surgical; 1 | 58 vs. 61 | PaO2/FiO2 <200; APACHE II >15;SOFA >5; CPIS >6; exp. >14 d MV | Pulmonary infection (CPIS >6) | NA | 20.0 | 58 (100 %) vs. 51 (84 %) | All in both groups |
Koch et al. (2012) [42] | ≤4 vs. ≥6 | Surgical; 1 | 50 vs. 50 | exp. >21 d MV | Pneumonia | Neurosurgical (28 %), trauma (25 %) | 22 | All in both groups | All in both groups |
Young et al. (2013) [19] | ≤4 vs. >10 | General;70 and surgical; 2 | 451 vs. 448 | exp. >7 d MV | Respiratory failure due to chronic neurological disease | Pulmonary (60 %), gastrointestinal (19 %) | 19.8 | 418 (93 %) vs. 204 (46 %) | 378/418 (90 %) vs. 176/204 (86 %) |
Bösel et al. (2013) [43] | ≤3 vs. 7–14 | Neuro; 1 | 30 vs. 30 | ICH; SAH; or AIS; exp. >14 d MV | Severe chronic cardiopulmonary disease; extensive brainstem lesions | Non-traumatic neurology (100 %) | 17 | 30 (100 %) vs. 18 (60 %) | 27/30 (90 %) vs. 16/18 (89 %) |
Mohamed et al. (2014) [44] | ≤10 vs. >10 | NA; 2 | 20 vs. 20 | APACHE ≥15 | Pneumonia | TBI (43 %), CVA (25 %) | 24 | All in both groups | All in both groups |
Diaz-Prieto et al. (2014) [25] | <8 vs. >14 | NA; 4 | 245 vs. 244 | 1, exp. >7 d MV; 2, attending physician’s acceptance at 3–5 d |  | Respiratory insufficiency (60 %), coma (22 %) | 20 | 167 (68 %) vs. 135 (55 %) | All in both groups |