|
No. (%) of patients
|
5258
|
1136 (21.6)
|
2288 (43.5)
|
1834 (34.9)
| |
418 (8.0)
|
4696 (89.3)
|
144 (2.7)
| |
|
Baseline characteristics
| | | | | | | | | |
|
Age (years)
|
66 (56–76)
|
68 (56–77)
|
66 (56–76)
|
65 (55–74)
|
<0.001
|
69 (57–78)
|
66 (56–75)
|
67 (56–77)
|
0.02
|
|
Male gender, n (%)
|
3661 (69.6)
|
737 (64.9)
|
1601 (70.0)
|
1323 (72.1)
|
<0.001
|
294 (70.3)
|
3269 (69.6)
|
98 (68.1)
|
0.87
|
|
Admission source, n (%)
| | | | | | | | | |
|
Operating room from emergency room same hospital
|
182 (3.5)
|
32 (2.8)
|
95 (4.2)
|
55 (3.0)
|
0.05
|
14 (3.3)
|
166 (3.5)
|
2 (1.4)
|
0.38
|
|
Emergency room same hospital
|
4578 (87.1)
|
981 (86.4)
|
1972 (86.2)
|
1625 (88.6)
|
0.05
|
367 (87.8)
|
4077 (86.8)
|
134 (93.1)
|
0.08
|
|
Operating room from emergency room other hospital
|
4 (0.1)
|
1 (0.1)
|
1 (<0.1)
|
2 (0.1)
|
0.74
|
0
|
4 (0.1)
|
0
|
0.79
|
|
Emergency room other hospital
|
183 (3.5)
|
41 (3.6)
|
81 (3.5)
|
61 (3.3)
|
0.90
|
16 (3.8)
|
166 (3.5)
|
1 (0.7)
|
0.17
|
|
Home
|
311 (5.9)
|
81 (7.1)
|
139 (6.1)
|
91 (5.0)
|
0.05
|
21 (5.0)
|
283 (6.0)
|
7 (4.9)
|
0.61
|
|
Acute renal failure, n (%)
|
660 (12.6)
|
154 (13.6)
|
242 (10.6)
|
264 (14.4)
|
<0.001
|
79 (18.9)
|
565 (12.0)
|
16 (11.1)
|
<0.001
|
|
Chronic co-morbidities, n (%)
| | | | | | | | | |
|
Cardiovascular disease
|
380 (7.2)
|
94 (8.3)
|
158 (6.9)
|
128 (7.0)
|
0.30
|
30 (7.2)
|
340 (7.2)
|
10 (6.9)
|
0.99
|
|
Renal disease
|
319 (6.1)
|
87 (7.7)
|
137 (6.0)
|
95 (5.2)
|
0.04
|
24 (5.7)
|
287 (6.1)
|
8 (5.6)
|
0.91
|
|
Respiratory disease
|
225 (4.3)
|
33 (2.9)
|
72 (3.1)
|
120 (6.5)
|
<0.001
|
26 (6.2)
|
191 (4.1)
|
8 (5.6)
|
0.08
|
|
Cirrhosis
|
44 (0.8)
|
16 (1.4)
|
14 (0.6)
|
14 (0.8)
|
0.05
|
9 (2.2)
|
35 (0.7)
|
0
|
<0.01
|
|
Cancer
|
106 (2.0)
|
25 (2.2)
|
48 (2.1)
|
33 (1.8)
|
0.62
|
6 (1.4)
|
96 (2.0)
|
4 (2.8)
|
0.57
|
|
Markers of severity,
| | | | | | | | | |
|
APACHE IV score
|
117.3 (29.69)
|
117.5 (29.10)
|
114.6 (30.52)
|
120.4 (28.68)
|
<0.001
|
132.2 (29.22)
|
115.9 (29.47)
|
119.5 (26.21)
|
<0.001
|
|
APACHE IV risk of death
|
80.7 (65.3-90.0)
|
81.2 (66.2-90.2)
|
79.2 (63.0-89.2)
|
82.5 (68.2-91.1)
|
<0.001
|
88.8 (78.1-94.0)
|
79.8 (64.3-89.4)
|
81.9 (64.9-89.4)
|
<0.001
|
|
Physiological parameters obtained within the first 24 h in the intensive care unit
| | | | |
|
Temperature
| | | | | | | | | |
|
Highest temperature (°C)
|
35.7 (34.8-36.9)
|
35.8 (34.7-37.0)
|
35.7 (34.8-36.8)
|
35.8 (34.8-36.9)
|
0.37
|
35.7 (34.6-37.1)
|
35.7 (34.8-36.9)
|
35.9 (34.9-36.8)
|
0.88
|
|
Lowest temperature (°C)
|
32.5 (31.8-33.2)
|
32.4 (31.8-33.4)
|
32.5 (31.9-33.2)
|
32.5 (31.9-33.3)
|
0.55
|
32.5 (31.8-33.6)
|
32.5 (31.8-33.2)
|
32.4 (31.7-33.3)
|
0.78
|
|
Lowest temperature below 34 °C, n (%)
|
4229 (80.4)
|
888 (78.2)
|
1863 (81.4)
|
1478 (80.6)
|
0.08
|
326 (78.0)
|
3788 (80.7)
|
115 (79.9)
|
0.41
|
|
Heart Rate
| | | | | | | | | |
|
Highest heart rate, beats/min
|
103 (87–120)
|
102 (85–120)
|
101 (86–119)
|
105 (90–122)
|
<0.001
|
110 (91–128)
|
102 (87–120)
|
105 (88–125)
|
<0.001
|
|
Lowest heart rate, beats/min
|
55 (45–68)
|
55 (45–69)
|
53 (44–65)
|
55 (45–70)
|
<0.001
|
55 (45–74)
|
55 (45–67)
|
51 (42–67)
|
0.11
|
|
Blood pressure (BP)
| | | | | | | | | |
|
Highest systolic BP (mmHg)
|
150 (134–171)
|
150 (134–170)
|
150 (134–172)
|
150 (133–170)
|
0.61
|
145 (128–165)
|
150 (134–172)
|
156 (139–178)
|
<0.001
|
|
Lowest systolic BP (mmHg)
|
80 (70–90)
|
80 (71–91)
|
81 (70–90)
|
80 (69–89)
|
<0.001
|
76 (64–86)
|
80 (70–90)
|
82 (70–91)
|
<0.001
|
|
Respiratory rate (RR)
| | | | | | | | | |
|
Highest RR, breaths (min)
|
23 (20–28)
|
23 (19–29)
|
23 (19–28)
|
24 (20–29)
|
<0.001
|
25 (20–30)
|
23 (20–28)
|
23 (19–28)
|
<0.01
|
|
Lowest RR, breaths (min)
|
14 (12–16)
|
14 (12–16)
|
14 (11–16)
|
14 (12–17)
|
0.03
|
15 (12–18)
|
14 (12–16)
|
14 (12–16)
|
<0.001
|
|
Oxygenation
| | | | | | | | | |
|
PaO2 (mmHg)
|
92 (75–124)
|
99 (78–136)
|
94 (76–125)
|
87 (70–116)
|
<0.001
|
51 (44–56)
|
94 (78–124)
|
359 (320–438)
|
<0.001
|
|
FiO2 (%)
|
50 (40–70)
|
45 (40–60)
|
50 (40–62)
|
60 (44–90)
|
<0.001
|
66 (50–100)
|
50 (40–70)
|
98 (67–100)
|
<0.001
|
|
PaO2/FiO2 ratio
|
191 (124–272)
|
227 (157–316)
|
203 (134–283)
|
158 (100–228)
|
<0.001
|
71 (55–100)
|
198 (136–272)
|
440 (361–550)
|
<0.001
|
|
Carbon dioxide
| | | | | | | | | |
|
PaCO2 (mmHg)
|
42 (36–49)
|
31 (28–33)
|
40 (38–43)
|
52 (48–59)
|
<0.001
|
45 (38–54)
|
41 (35–48)
|
40 (34–48)
|
<0.001
|
|
Metabolic
| | | | | | | | | |
|
Lowest glucose (mmol l−1)
|
6.0 (4.8-7.4)
|
5.9 (4.8-7.3)
|
6.0 (4.8-7.3)
|
6.1 (4.8-7.5)
|
0.65
|
6.2 (4.8-7.9)
|
6.0 (4.8-7.3)
|
6.1 (5.0-7.8)
|
0.13
|
|
Acid–base balance
| | | | | | | | | |
|
Lowest pH
|
7.28 (0.12)
|
7.37 (0.11)
|
7.30 (0.10)
|
7.20 (0.12)
|
<0.001
|
7.24 (0.14)
|
7.29 (0.12)
|
7.26 (0.14)
|
<0.001
|
|
Highest HCO3 - (mmol l−1)
|
22.3 (3.92)
|
20.8 (3.67)
|
22.1 (3.54)
|
23.5 (4.16)
|
<0.001
|
22.8 (4.70)
|
22.3 (3.85)
|
22.0 (3.89)
|
0.43
|
|
Lowest HCO3 - (mmol l−1)
|
17.4 (4.33)
|
16.0 (4.17)
|
17.4 (4.03)
|
18.3 (4.54)
|
<0.001
|
16.6 (4.96)
|
17.5 (4.27)
|
17.2 (4.10)
|
<0.01
|
