Table 1 Parameters of patients with normal and disturbed glucose metabolism

Baseline characteristics

 Sex

 Men

131 (59.8 %)

92 (77.3 %)

0.001

 Women

88 (40.2 %)

27 (22.7 %)

 Age, years

57 (18–88)

67 (29–83)

<0.001

 Weight, kg

75 ± 14

80 ± 16

0.003

 Body mass index, kg/m²

25 (16–41)

26 (18–41)

0.002

 Waist, cm

93 (66–124)

99 (66–133)

<0.001

Reason for admission

 Medical

84 (38.4 %)

33 (27.7 %)

 Surgical

135 (61.6 %)

86 (72.3 %)

Primarily involved organ system

 Cardiovascular

108 (49.3 %)

71 (59.7 %)

NS

 Respiratory

46 (21.0 %)

20 (16.8 %)

NS

 Digestive

16 (7.3 %)

6 (5.0 %)

NS

 Renal

4 (1.8 %)

3 (2.5 %

NS

 Hepatic

8 (3.7 %)

3 (2.5 %)

NS

 Haematologic

2 (0.9 %)

0 (0.0 %)

NS

 Neurologic

53 (24.2 %)

19 (16.0 %)

NS

Disease severity

 Simplified acute physiology score III

42 (16–90)

42 (23–85)

NS

 SOFA score on admission

8 (1–18)

8 (2–19)

NS

 Maximum SOFA score during admission

8 (2–20)

8 (2–19)

NS

 Vasopressor/inotropic therapy

120 (54.8 %)

79 (66.4 %)

0.039

 Corticosteroid therapy

35 (16.0 %)

12 (10.1 %)

NS

 Mechanical ventilation

134 (61.2 %)

73 (61.3 %)

NS

 Length of stay at the ICU, hours

95 (39–1416)

94 (37–503)

NS

 Length of stay at the hospital, days

15 (3–163)

14 (2–86)

NS

Metabolic parameters

 Mean glycaemia, day 1, mg/dl

130 (83–469)

130 (86–232)

NS

 SD glycaemia, day 1

22 (1–615)

22 (4–168)

NS

 Maximum glycaemia, day 1, mg/dl

168 (87–591)

166 (86–600)

NS

 Number of patients with hypoglycaemic event, day 1

11 (5.1 %)

7 (5.9 %)

NS

 glucose values in target, 60–140 mg/dl (%, range)

70 (0–100)

67 (14–100)

NS

 Mean (SD) glycaemia, mg/dl

128 (18)

131 (27)

NS

 Median (IQR) glycaemia, mg/dl

129 (120–137)

130 (117–140)

NS

 SD glycaemia levels in individual patients, mg/dl, median (range)

27 (19–34)

30 (21–40)

NS

 HbA1c on admission, (%)

5.5 (4.7–6.2)

5.6 (5.0–6.4)

0.025

 HbA1c on admission, (mmol/mol)

37 (28–44)

38 (31–46)

 Insulin therapy

153 (69.9 %)

93 (78.2 %)

NS

 Mean insulin dose, units/day

9 (0–100)

12 (0–99)

0.048

 Total parental nutrition

15 (6.8 %)

1 (0.8 %)

0.013

 Caloric intake, kcal/day

222 (0–2127)

197 (32–1911)

0.013

ICU exit parameters

 C-reactive protein, last day, mg/l

5.7 (0.0-30.0)

8.1 (0.0-29.0)

0.015

 Lactate, last day, mmol/l

1.3 (0.4-79.0)

1.5 (0.7-4.0)

0.006

 Mean glucose last day, mg/dl

115 (84–164)

122 (82–217)

<0.001

 Maximum glucose, last day, mg/dl

136 (91–438)

157 (94–636)

0.001

FINDRISC score

9.5 (0–20)

11 (3–21)

<0.001

FINDRISC score ≥14

30 (14.3 %)

33 (28.2 %)

0.003

HbA1c upon OGTT, (%)

5.4 (4.3-6.1)

5.6 (4.9-8.4)

<0.001

HbA1c upon OGTT, (mmol/mol)

36 (23–43)

38 (30–68)

HbA1c ≥6.5 % upon OGTT

0

5 (4.2 %)

0.005