From: Critical care management of systemic mastocytosis: when every wasp is a killer bee
Mediator(s) | Features |
---|---|
Cardiovascular | |
Prostaglandins | Flushing (increased heart rate and increased cardiac output) |
Protease (Chymase) | Increased blood pressure |
Histamine | Increased vasopermeability |
Histamine, prostaglandin D2, leukotrienes, and platelet-activating factor | Vasodilatation and hypotension |
Platelet-activating factor | Arrhythmia |
Cutaneous | |
Histamine, prostaglandin D2, and platelet-activating factor | Urticaria with or without angioedema |
Histamine | Pruritus |
Respiratory | |
Histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandin D2, and platelet-activating factor | Bronchusconstriction |
Prostaglandin D2 and leukotrienes | Increased mucus production |
Platelet-activating factor and leukotrienes | Pulmonary oedema |
Histamine | Rhinitis |
Gastrointestinal | |
Histamine | Increased gastric acid secretion |
Histamine | Diarrhoea |
Platelet-activating factor | Abdominal ache |
Hematologic | |
Heparin and proteases | Coagulation disturbances |
Remainder | |
Histamine | Headache |
Heparin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tryptase | Osteopenia and osteoporosis |
Pro-inflammatory cytokines (for example, tumour necrosis factor-alpha) and chemokines | Fatigue, weight loss, local inflammation, oedema formation, and leukocyte migration |
Growth factor (IL-6) | Fever |
Tryptase | Endothelial activation with consecutive inflammatory reactions |