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Table 3 The hazard for 28-day mortality as a function of time to antibiotics in ED patients with suspected infection in three categories of illness severity

From: The association between time to antibiotics and relevant clinical outcomes in emergency department patients with various stages of sepsis: a prospective multi-center study

 

Crude model (HR (95% CI)

Corrected model (HR (95% CI)

P (Corrected model)

PIRO group 1 to 7 (n = 413)

Antibiotics <1 hour (reference category)

1

1

0.422a

Antibiotics 1–3 hours

0.95 (0.17-5.18)

2.55 (0.36-18.25)

0.352

Antibiotics >3 hours

1.98 (0.36-10.78)

5.31 (0.43-68.16)

0.191

Type of hospital (academic versus urban)

 

0.06 (0.007-0.48)

0.008

P score

 

2.53 (1.41-4.56)

0.002

Appropriateness of antibiotics

 

0.33 (0.06-1.66)

0.180

Amount of oxygen (L/min)

 

1.17 (1.02-1.35)

0.028

Amount of fluids (L/ ED stay)

 

1.65 (0.76-3.59)

0.205

PIRO group 8 to 14 (n = 532)

Antibiotics <1 hour (reference category)

1

1

0.676a

Antibiotics 1–3 hours

1.11 (0.62-1.99)

1.25 (0.62-2.31)

0.488

Antibiotics >3 hours

0.65 (0.22-1.90)

0.86 (0.28-2.63)

0.786

Type of hospital (academic versus urban)

 

0.35 (0.19-0.68)

0.002

P score

 

1.29 (1.14-1.46)

<0.001

R score

 

0.74 (0.62-0.89)

0.001

O score

 

1.28 (1.10-1.50)

0.002

Amount of oxygen (L/min)

 

1.04 (1.00-1.09)

0.067

PIRO group >14 (n = 223)

Antibiotics <1 hour (reference category)

1

1

0.978a

Antibiotics 1–3 hours

1.10 (0.62-1.97)

0.99 (0.53-1.87)

0.983

Antibiotics >3 hours

0.93 (0.36-2.43)

1.11 (0.40-3.08)

0.849

Type of hospital (academic versus urban)

 

1.57 (0.83-3.00)

0.166

O score

 

1.15 (1.00-1.34)

0.056

β-blocker use

 

0.96 (0.51-1.79)

0.892

Appropriateness of antibiotics

 

0.35 (0.19-0.62)

<0.001

Amount of oxygen (L/min)

 

1.01 (0.98-1.04)

0.414

Amount of fluids (L/ED stay)

 

0.88 (0.65-1.20)

0.425

  1. Cox regression analysis was performed with time to antibiotics divided into three categories. In the corrected model regression coefficients were corrected for possible predefined confounders: PIRO score; β-blocker, statin, and antibiotic use prior to ED presentation; appropriateness of initial antibiotics in the ED; amount of fluids (L); amount of oxygen (L/min) in the ED; and hospital (academic versus urban hospital). aOverall P value for categories of time to antibiotics. The P values were not used to construct the model.
  2. CI, Confidence interval; ED, Emergency department; HR, Hazard ratio; ICU, Intensive care unit; PIRO, Predisposition, Infection, Response, and Organ failure score (as a measure of illness severity).