Central venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide difference as a prognostic tool in high-risk surgical patients

Table 1 Demographic, surgical and intensive care inclusion criteria

High-risk criteria	Values
Demographic criteria
Age ≥70 years	42 (37)
ASA class ≥3	70 (61)
Severe nutritional problems	11 (10)
Previous severe respiratory illness	24 (11)
Chronic renal failure	6 (5)
Chronic liver failure	7 (6)
Ischemic heart disease (infarction or angina)	51 (44)
Malignant neoplasia	67 (58)
Surgical criteria
Major abdominal surgery	82 (71)
Prolonged surgery ≥8 hours	9 (8)
Urgent surgery	22 (19)
Septic surgery	24 (21)
Vascular clamping ≥1 hour	4 (4)
Surgical procedures
Esophagectomy	22 (19)
Gastrectomy	9 (8)
Small bowel resection	17 (15)
Large bowel resection	20 (17)
Hepatectomy	21 (18)
Pancreatectomy	16 (14)
Intra-abdominal vascular surgery	24 (21)
Other	2 (2)
Intensive care criteria
Shock	38 (33)
Acute respiratory failure	32 (28)
Hemorrhage (hemoglobin <7 g/dl)	10 (9)
Acute coronary syndrome	7 (6)

Data are presented as absolute value (%). Severe nutritional problems: body mass index ≤17 kg/m² or weight loss >10% in 6 months. Chronic renal failure: creatinine clearance <60 ml/min per 1.73 m² or creatinine >176 μmol/l. Chronic liver failure: bilirubin >78 μmol/l or prothrombin time <55% or well-documented cirrhosis.
ASA, American Society of Anesthesiology physical status.

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