Table 1 Characteristics of the study population according to the development of acute kidney injury (AKI)
|  | All patients (n = 199) | No AKI (n = 114) | AKI (n = 85) | P - value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 62 ± 16 | 60 ± 14 | 65 ± 10 | 0.001 |
Weight, kg | 77 ± 22 | 76 ± 22 | 78 ± 20 | 0.45 |
Male, n (%) | 134 (67) | 80 (70) | 54 (64) | 0.29 |
Total ICU stay, days | 4 (3 to 8) | 4 (3 to 7) | 5 (3 to 9) | 0.03 |
Witnessed CA, n (%) | 148 (74) | 77 (68) | 71 (84) | 0.009 |
Bystander CPR, n (%) | 112 (56) | 63 (55) | 49 (58) | 0.67 |
Time to ROSC, minutes | 15 (9 to 26) | 15 (9 to 22) | 16 (10 to 30) | 0.04 |
Epinephrine, mg | 4 (2 to 7) | 4 (2 to 6) | 4 (3 to 8) | 0.03 |
Out-of-hospital CA | 121 (61) | 80 (70) | 41 (48) | 0.002 |
Non cardiac-origin CA | 69 (35) | 44 (39) | 25 (29) | 0.22 |
VF/VT, n (%) | 118 (59) | 48 (42) | 33 (39) | 0.66 |
Past history | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Chronic heart failure, n (%) | 57 (29) | 25 (22) | 32 (38) | 0.02 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 77 (39) | 42 (37) | 35 (41) | 0.56 |
Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 86 (43) | 45 (39) | 41 (48) | 0.25 |
Diabetes, n (%) | 42 (21) | 19 (17) | 23 (27) | 0.08 |
COPD/asthma, n (%) | 37 (19) | 24 (21) | 13 (15) | 0.36 |
Neurological disease, n (%) | 30 (15) | 22 (19) | 8 (9) | 0.07 |
Chronic renal disease, n (%) | 30 (15) | 9 (8) | 21 (25) | 0.001 |
Liver cirrhosis, n (%) | 11 (6) | 4 (4) | 7 (8) | 0.13 |
HIV, n (%) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 0 | 1.00 |
Corticosteroid therapy, n (%) | 29 (15) | 12 (11) | 17 (20) | 0.07 |
Immunosuppressive agents, n (%) | 2 (1) | 0 | 2 (2.3) | 0.09 |
Therapy before ICU admission | Â | Â | Â | Â |
IECA/ ARBs, n (%) | 81 (41) | 43 (38) | 38 (45) | 0.38 |
Diuretics, n (%) | 40 (20) | 15 (13) | 25 (29) | 0.008 |
Aminoglycosides, n (%) | 1 (1) | 0 | 1 (1) | 0.21 |
Amphotericin B, n (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | - |
Cyclosporine/FK506, n (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | - |
NSAIDs, n (%) | 68 (34) | 37 (32) | 31 (36) | 0.58 |
Chemotherapy, n (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | - |
Events and interventions during ICU stay | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Lactate on admission, mEq/L | 3.1 (1.9 to 5.1) | 3.1 (1.8 to 5.2) | 3.3 (2.0 to 6.6) | 0.288 |
Infection, n (%) | 123 (62) | 66 (58) | 57 (67) | 0.21 |
IABP, n (%) | 15 (8) | 6 (5) | 9 (11) | 0.12 |
ECMO, n (%) | 22 (11) | 9 (8) | 13 (16) | 0.08 |
Shock, n (%) | 103 (52) | 43 (38) | 60 (71) | 0.002 |
Therapeutic hypothermia, n (%) | 198 (99) | 114 (100) | 84 (99) | 0.96 |
MV, n (%) | 199 (100) | 114 (100) | 85 (100) | - |
Duration of MV, days | 3 (2 to 5) | 3 (2 to 4) | 4 (3 to 7) | 0.001 |
Fluid balance on day 1, mL/day | 1,924 ± 1348 | 1,480 ± 1348 | 2,520 ± 1414 | 0.001 |
Fluid balance on day 2, mL/day | 2,704 ± 1636 | 2,282 ± 1639 | 3,264 ± 2889 | 0.003 |
CrCl on day 1, mL/min | 40 (13 to 90) | 67 (27 to 121) | 23 (9 to 44) | <0.001 |
Augmented renal clearance on day 1, n (%) | 38 (19) | 32 (28) | 6 (7) | 0.001 |
CRRT, n (%) | 24 (12) | 0 | 24 (29) | 0.001 |
Therapy during ICU stay | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Vasopressor therapy, n (%) | 134 (68) | 65 (57) | 69 (81) | 0.001 |
Duration of vasopressor therapy, days | 3 (2 to 5) | 3 (2 to 4) | 4 (3 to 6) | 0.001 |
Cumulative vasopressor dose, mcg | 21.0 (7.7-73.2) | 9.9 (4.1-29.9) | 39.1 (14.6-109.7) | 0.001 |
Dobutamine therapy, n (%) | 112 (56) | 40 (35) | 72 (85) | 0.001 |
Duration of dobutamine, days | 3.5 (3 to 6) | 3 (2 to 4) | 4 (3 to 6) | 0.001 |
Cumulative dobutamine dose, mcg | 1456 (514 to 2733) | 982 (445 to 1670) | 2084 (575 to 3964) | 0.001 |
ACEIs/ARBs, n (%) | 54 (27) | 36 (32) | 18 (21) | 0.11 |
Diuretics, n (%) | 94 (47) | 45 (40) | 49 (57) | 0.01 |
Aminoglycosides, n (%) | 38 (19) | 15 (13) | 23 (27) | 0.01 |
Amphotericin B, n (%) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 0 | - |
Cyclosporine/FK506, n (%) | 2 (1) | 0 | 2 (2) | 0.92 |
NSAIDs, n (%) | 90 (45) | 49 (43) | 41 (48) | 0.48 |
Chemotherapy, n (%) | 2 (1) | 0 | 2 (2) | 0.86 |
Contrast medium, n (%) | 94 (47) | 51 (45) | 43 (51) | 0.41 |
Contrast medium injections, n (%) | 0 (0 to 1) | 0 (0 to 1) | 1 (0 to 2) | 0.19 |
HES, n (%) | 14 (7) | 8 (7) | 6 (7) | 0.99 |
Number of nephrotoxic agents, n (%) | 2 (1 to 3) | 1 (0 to 3) | 2 (1 to 3) | 0.04 |
At least one nephrotoxic agent, n (%) | 158 (79) | 83 (72) | 75 (88) | 0.008 |
Outcomes | Â | Â | Â | Â |
ICU mortality, n (%) | 107 (54) | 55 (48) | 52 (61) | 0.08 |
Hospital mortality, n (%) | 112 (56) | 57 (50) | 55 (65) | 0.04 |
Favorable neurological outcome at 3Â months, n (%) | 81 (41) | 52 (46) | 29 (34) | 0.11 |