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Table 1 Reported effects of Sodium Bicarbonate on intracellular and extracellular pH, hemodynamics and mortality in in vivo experimental and clinical studies

From: Hemodynamic consequences of severe lactic acidosis in shock states: from bench to bedside

Study

Experimental (E) or human (H)

Methodology (intervention/subjects/protocol/measurements)

Increased PaCO 2 after alkalinization in HCO 3 group?

Decreased or unchanged pHe or pHi after alkalinization in HCO 3 group or compared with other groups?

Shock associated lactic acidosis?

Positive effects of sodium bicarbonate on hemodynamics (arterial pressure/ cardiac index) a

Positive impact of sodium bicarbonate on mortality b

Kim et al . 2013 [112]

H

Retrospective. 103 patients with lactic acidosis. Effects of HCO3 on survival

NA

NA

Yes

NA

NA

Wilson et al . 2013 [81]

H

Retrospective series. Severe acidotic trauma patients. Effects of HCO3 on survival, PaCO2, pH

Yes

pHe: no

Yes

NA

NA

pHi: NA.

Levraut et al . 2000 [113]

H

Mild metabolic acidosis in non-shock patients. Effects of a bicarbonate load on CO2 generation depending on non-bicarbonate buffer

Yes

pHe: no

No

NA

NA

pHi: no

Nielsen et al . 2002 [114]

H

5-minute rhythmic handgrip to provoke intracellular acidosis. Healthy subjects. HCO3 vs. saline. Effect on arterial pH, and muscle pHi, PaCO2

Yes

pHe: no

No

NA

NA

pHi: no

Nakashima et al . 1996 [115]

H

Healthy subjects. Effects of HCO3 infusion on cerebral blood flow, PaCO2 and pHi

Yes

pHe: no

No

NA

NA

pHi: yes

Leung et al . 1994 [100]

H

Metabolic acidosis in patients undergoing surgery. HCO3 vs. carbicarb. Effects on pHe, hemodynamics

NA

pHe: no

No

No

NA

pHi: NA

Mark et al . 1993 [116]

H

Intraoperative mild acidosis. HCO3 vs. saline. Effects on PaCO2, pH, hemodynamics

Yes

pHe: no

No

NA

NA

pHi: NA

Fanconi et al . 1993 [117]

H

Neonatal acidosis. HCO3 before-after study. Effect on hemodynamics, pH, PaCO2, PtCO2

Yes

pHe: no

Yes

Yes

NA

pHi: NA

Mathieu et al . 1991 [92]

H

Septic shock. HCO3 vs. saline. Effect on arterial pH, PaCO2, hemodynamics

Yes

pHe: no

Yes

No

NA

pHi: NA

Cooper et al . 1990 [89]

H

Septic shock. HCO3 vs. saline. Effect on arterial pH, PaCO2, hemodynamics

Yes

pHe: no

Yes

No

NA

pHi: NA

Bersin et al . 1989 [118]

H

Congestive heart disease. HCO3 vs. saline. Effect on acidosis, PaCO2, hemodynamics (myocardial oxygen consumption)

Yes

pHe: no

No

No

NA

pHi: NA

Kimmoun et al . 2014 [60]

E

Hemorrhagic shock. Rats. HCO3 with calcium adjunction and increased respiratory rate. Effect on pHe, muscle pHi, hemodynamics

No

pHe: No

Yes

Yes

NA

pHi: No

Valenza et al . 2012 [84]

E

Lactic acid infusion. Rats. Lactic acidosis vs. lactic acidosis + sodium bicarbonate. Effects on hemodynamics, pHe, lactate, phosphofructokinase.

Yes

pHe: No

No

No

NA

pHi: NA

Beech et al . 1994 [87]

E

Hypovolemic shock. Rats. Carbicarb vs. HCO3 . Muscle pHi, PaCO2 and hemodynamics

Yes

pHe: No

Yes

No

NA

pHi: Yes

Bollaert et al . 1994 [79]

E

Endotoxinic shock. Rats. HCO3 vs. saline. Effect on arterial pH, PaCO2, muscle pHi, hemodynamics

Yes

pHe: No

Yes

No

NA

pHi: Yes

Rhee et al . 1993 [83]

E

Hypoxic lactic acidosis. Mongrel dogs. HCO3 vs. Carbicarb vs. saline. Effects on PaCO2, hemodynamics

Yes

pHe: Yes

Yes

No

NA

pHi: Yes

Cooper et al . 1993 [88]

E

L-lactic infusion. Pigs. HCO3 vs. saline. Effects on pH, hemodynamics

Per protocol ventilation adjustment

pHe: No

Yes

No

NA

pHi: NA.

Shapiro et al . 1990 [119]

E

Ammonium chloride-induced metabolic acidosis. HCO3 vs. Carbicarb. Effects on PaCO2, pHe, hepatic pHi, hemodynamics

Yes

pHe: No

No

No

NA

pHi: Yes

Dimlich et al . 1988 [120]

E

Low-flow-induced lactic acidosis. Rats. HCO3 vs. NaDCA vs. NaCl. Effects on pH, lactatemia

NA

pHe: No

Yes

No

NA

pHi: NA.

Iberti et al . 1988 [91]

E

Hemorrhagic shock. Dogs. HCO3 vs. saline. Effect on hemodynamics, pH, PaCO2

Yes

pHe: Yes

Yes

No

NA

pHi: NA.

Hope et al . 1988 [121]

E

Incomplete cerebral ischemia in lamb. Effects of glucose and HCO3 on cerebral pHi, PaCO2 and PtiCO2

Yes

pHe: No

No

NA

NA

pHi: Yes

Sessler et al . 1987 [122]

E

Lactic acidosis treatment in neonatal rabbits. Effect of HCO3 on pHi and pHe and PaCO2

Yes

pHe: no

Yes

NA

NA

pHi: no

Graf et al . 1985 [90]

E

Hypoxic lactic acidosis. Dogs. HCO3 vs. saline vs. no therapy. Effects on pHe and hemodynamics

NA

pHe: yes

Yes

No

No

pHi: NA

Graf et al . 1985 [123]

E

Hypoxic lactic acidosis. Dogs. HCO3 vs. saline. Effects on pHe and hepatic pHi

Yes

pHe: yes

Yes

No

No

pHi: yes

Arieff et al . 1982 [82]

E

Phenformin-induced lactic acidosis. Dogs. HCO3 vs. saline vs. placebo. Effects on pHe, pHi, hemodynamics

NA

pHe: yes

Yes

No

No

pHi: yes

  1. aOnly applicable in comparative studies with critical patients or experimental models. bOnly applicable in comparative studies with critical patients or experimental models. NA, not applicable; pHe, extracellular pH; pHi, intracellular pH.