Implementation strategy | Studies reporting both clinical outcomes and process outcomes before versus after implementation | Studies reporting process outcomes, without clinical outcomes, before versus after implementation* | Percent using strategy | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Author | Mansouri | Skrobik | Balas | Radtke | Robinson | Kamdar | Reade | Dale | Bryckz. | Eastwood | Devlin | Scott | Gesin | Riekerk | Kastrup | Boogaard | Pun | Hager | Soja | Page | Bowen | |||
PO | 1 | Distribution** | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 81 |
2 | Educational Meetings | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 100 | |
3 | Local consensus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 62 | |
4 | Outreach | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 67 | |
5 | Opinion leaders | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 52 | |
6 | Patient-mediated | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 86 | |
7 | Audit/feedback | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 62 | |
8 | Reminders | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 38 | |
9 | Tailoring (barriers) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 33 | |
10 | Mass media | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
O | 11 | Provider-oriented | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 43 |
12 | Patient-oriented | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | |
13 | Structural | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 48 | |
F | 14 | Provider | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
R | 15 | Medical liability | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
16 | Patient complaints | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
17 | peer review/licensure | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | |
Total number IS used | 7 | 9 | 12 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 7 | 12 | 6 | 10 | 10 | 4 | 8 | |||
Post-implementation*** | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mortality | ⬇ | ⬇ | ⬇ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | = | ↓ | ↑ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
ICU length of stay | ⬇ | ⬇ | ↓ | ⬇ | ↓ | ↓ | = | ⬇ | ⬇ | = | - | - | - | - | - | ↓ | - | - | - | - | - | |||
Screening adherence | ⬆ | ↑ | ⬆ | ⬆ | - | - | - | ⬆ | - | - | ⬆ | ⬆ | - | ⬆ | ⬆ | ⬆ | ⬆ | = | ⬆ | ⬆ | ⬆ | |||
Incidence | - | ↓ | ⬇ | - | - | ⬇ | ⬇ | ⬇ | ↑ | - | - | - | - | - | ↑ | ⬆ | - | ⬆ | - | - | - | |||
Antypsychotic drug use | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | - | ↑ | - | - | ⬇ | ↓ | ⬇ | - | - | - | - | - | ⬇ | - | - | - | - | - | |||
Delirium knowledge | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ⬆ | ⬆ | ⬆ | - | ⬆ | - | - | - | - | - |