Table 2 Sedative and opioid usage and dosing^a

Sedative and opioid use

Initial sedative, n (%)

  Midazolam

56 (58%)

28 (27%)

<0.0001

  Propofol

39 (40%)

34 (33%)

0.315

  Dexmedetomidine

2 (2%)

40 (39%)

<0.0001

Second sedative, n (%)

  Midazolam

16 (16%)

17 (17%)

0.834

  Propofol

9 (9%)

9 (9%)

  Dexmedetomidine

30 (31%)

37 (37%)

  Not applicable

42 (43%)

38 (38%)

Received at any time in ICU, n (%)

  Midazolam Infusion

74 (76%)

49 (48%)

<0.0001

  Dexmedetomidine

38 (39%)

83 (82%)

<0.0001

  Propofol

53 (55%)

49 (48%)

0.396

  Fentanyl infusion

97 (98%)

95 (93%)

0.171

Sedative and opioid dosage and duration

Midazolam

  Patients receiving, n (%)

76 (76%)

49 (48%)

  Total dose, median (mg)

143 (91 to 231)

56 (23 to 137)

0.0001

  Infusion duration, hr, median (IQR)

58 (29 to 103)

38 (20 to 104)

0.06

  Infusion rate, mg/kg/hr, median (IQR)

0.03 (0.02 to 0.05)

0.02 (0.01 to 0.04)

0.0124

Dexmedetomidine

  Patients receiving, n (%)

38 (39%)

84 (82%)

  Total dose, mg, median (IQR)

1.8 (0.6 to 3.1)

2.2 (0.6 to 5.0)

0.541

  Infusion duration, hr, median (IQR)

36 (29 to 65)

41 (26 to 85)

0.365

  Infusion rate, μg/kg/hr, median (IQR)

0.51 (0.35 to 0.82)

0.57 (0.35 to 0.89)

0.921

Propofol

  Patients receiving, n (%)

53 (55%)

50 (48%)

  Total dose, g, median (IQR)

4.78 (2.03 to 7.27)

3.78 (1.94 to 8.93)

0.797

  Infusion duration, hr, median (IQR)

33 (14 to 61)

33 (15 to 54)

0.982

  Infusion rate, μg/kg/min, median (IQR)

29 (20 to 42)

29 (28 to 43)

0.981

Fentanyl

  Patients receiving, n (%)

97 (98%)

95 (93%)

  Total dose, mg, median (IQR)

7.85 (4 to 20.3)

4.10 (2.3 to 14.7)

0.002

  Infusion duration, hr, median (IQR)

84 (36 to 147)

54 (33 to 128)

0.078

  Infusion rate, μg/kg/hr, median (IQR)

1.5 (0.8 to 2.4)

1.1 (0.6 to 1.7)

0.002