Effect of oral melatonin and wearing earplugs and eye masks on nocturnal sleep in healthy subjects in a simulated intensive care unit environment: which might be a more promising strategy for ICU sleep deprivation?

Table 3 Comparison of sleep architecture in simulated ICU noise and light night for different study conditions

Variable	NL	NLP	NLEE	NLM	ANOVA	Contrast 1	Contrast 2	Contrast 3
Variable	NL	NLP	NLEE	NLM	P	P	P	P
Time in bed (min)	513.8 ± 18.6	507.3 ± 23.0	507.9 ± 29.7	508.8 ± 26.5	0.934	0.598	0.893	0.936
Total sleep time (min)	369.0 ± 35.0	367.6 ± 33.3	385.8 ± 38.9	401.2 ± 35.8	0.137	0.302	0.043	0.342
Sleep efficiency index	0.72 ± 0.08	0.72 ± 0.07	0.76 ± 0.08	0.79 ± 0.11	0.186	0.273	0.077	0.396
REM (%)	16.0 ± 4.2	15.0± 7.6	18.4 ± 3.7	20.9 ± 3.0	0.050	0.285	0.011	0.258
N1 (%)	20.3 ± 8.6	21.1 ± 8.7	20.4 ± 3.2	19.2 ± 4.0	0.928	0.973	0.509	0.681
N2 (%)	46.8 ± 7.3	47.4 ± 7.6	46.3 ± 3.0	42.6 ± 3.5	0.262	0.850	0.073	0.161
N3 (%)	15.0 ± 3.9	16.5 ± 4.5	14.9 ± 3.1	17.3 ± 3.6	0.425	0.991	0.654	0.175
Sleep onset latency (min)	71.4 ± 25.6	61.3 ± 20.6	46.6 ± 21.6	33.7 ± 10.5	0.001	0.010	0.004	0.163
REM latency (min)	154.4 ± 46.9	158.2 ± 39.2	158.0 ± 37.4	149.5 ± 37.8	0.959	0.844	0.634	0.644
No. of awakenings	15.1 ± 3.3	13.0 ± 3.1	10.5 ± 3.2	6.5 ± 1.8	0.000	0.001	0.000	0.004
Sleep arousals index	9.8 ± 3.0	8.2 ± 2.6	5.5 ± 2.1	4.5 ± 1.4	0.000	0.000	0.001	0.392

NL: simulated ICU noise and light; NLP: NL plus placebo; NLM: NL plus melatonin; NLEE: NL plus use of earplugs and eye masks; Contrast 1: NL vs. NLEE; Contrast 2: NLP vs. NLM; Contrast 3: NLEE vs. NLM.

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