An observational study of surface versus endovascular cooling techniques in cardiac arrest patients: a propensity-matched analysis

Table 5 Logistic regression analysis of the matched cohort of hydrogel pads and catheter balloons for outcomes, efficacies and complications

	Hydrogel pads	Catheter balloons	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval	P value
	( n = 59)	( n = 59)	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval	P value
Time variables
Induction time (minutes)	188.1 ± 22.6	243.4 ± 35.3	0.73	0.39 to 1.39	0.34
≥160.0 minutes (cutoff value: median)	26 (45.6)	32 (56.1)	0.66	0.31 to 1.37	0.26
Rewarming time (minutes)	923.2 ± 61.1	697.3 ± 67.7	3.23	1.60 to 6.52	<0.01
≥720 minutes (cutoff value: median)	39 (78.0)	23 (43.40)	4.62	1.95 to 10.95	<0.01
Adverse events in the cooling phase
Overcooling	8 (13.56)	9 (15.25)	0.87	0.31 to 2.44	0.79
Bradycardia	9 (15.25)	7 (11.86)	1.34	0.46 to 3.86	0.59
Tachycardia	7 (11.86)	11 (19.30)	0.56	0.20 to 1.57	0.27
Hypokalemia	16 (27.12)	13 (22.41)	1.29	0.56 to 2.99	0.56
Hyperglycemia	34 (57.63)	27 (45.76)	1.61	0.78 to 3.34	0.20
Bleeding	3 (5.08)	3 (5.45)	0.93	0.18 to 4.81	0.93
Hypotension	25 (42.37)	17 (28.81)	1.82	0.85 to 3.90	0.13
Adverse events in the rewarming phase
Hyperthermia	7 (12.73)	1 (1.82)	7.88	0.94 to 66.33	0.06
Arrhythmia	4 (7.41)	3 (5.66)	1.33	0.28 to 6.27	0.72
Hyperkalemia	6 (11.11)	6 (10.91)	1.02	0.31 to 3.39	0.97
Hypoglycemia	8 (14.81)	2 (3.64)	4.61	0.93 to 22.81	0.06
Bleeding	2 (3.70)	2 (3.85)	0.96	0.13 to 7.09	0.97
Hypotension	19 (35.19)	12 (21.82)	1.95	0.83 to 4.55	0.13
Adverse events in critical care
Sepsis	1 (1.69)	8 (13.79)	0.11	0.01 to 0.89	0.04
Pneumonia	17 (28.81)	22 (37.93)	0.66	0.31 to 1.44	0.30
Neurological outcome
Hospital mortality	26 (44.07)	22 (37.29)	1.33	0.63 to 2.77	0.45
Poor neurological outcome	45 (76.27)	40 (67.80)	1.53	0.68 to 3.44	0.31

Continuous variables are presented as the mean ± standard error. Parentheses indicate a percentage.

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