Table 1 Patient demographics and outcomes of patients with severe blunt trauma injury and hemorrhagic shock

Demographics

 Age, years

34 (24 to 45)

66 (59 to 75)

 Gender, male

954 (68%)

331 (62%)

0.010^a

 NISS

36 (27 to 48)

34 (27 to 48)

0.10

 Body mass index, kg/m²

27 (24 to 31)

28 (25 to 32)

<0.001^a

 Max Apache II score 0 to 24 hours

28 (24 to 32)

32 (27 to 37)

<0.001^a

 Injury to ED arrival, hours

1.3 (0.7 to 2.3)

1.4 (0.8 to 2.9)

0.001^a

 Lowest ED SBP, mmHg

84 (72 to 98)

78 (66 to 88)

<0.001^a

 Max lactate 12 to 24 hours, mmol/L

2.8 (2.0 to 4.3)

3.0 (2.1 to 4.5)

0.035^a

 Total blood 0 to 12 hours, U

4.6 (2.1 to 9.1)

5.0 (2.6 to 9.0)

0.83

 Total crystalloid 0 to 12 hours, L

9.9 (7.0 to 14.0)

9.0 (6.1 to 12.7)

<0.001^a

 Major acute surgical procedures

1,312 (94%)

475 (89%)

<0.001^a

Pre-existing comorbidities

 Preexisting medications

563 (40%)

412 (77%)

<0.001^a

 Major medical comorbidity, ≥1

813 (62.4%)

419 (87.1%)

<0.001^a

 Hypertension

99 (7%)

214 (40%)

<0.001^a

 Congestive heart failure

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

-

 Atrial arrhythmia

7 (0.5%)

31 (5.6%)

<0.001^a

 Ventricular arrhythmia

1 (0.1%)

4 (0.8%)

0.009^a

 Peripheral vascular disease

7 (0.5%)

16 (3.0%)

<0.001^a

 Cerebrovascular disease

9 (0.7%)

40 (7.5%)

<0.001^a

 Dementia

0 (0%)

20 (3.8%)

<0.001^a

 Obstructive pulmonary disease

64 (4.6%)

30 (5.6%)

0.35

 Malignancy

23 (1.7%)

47 (8.8%)

<0.001^a

 Smoking

423 (30%)

84 (15.8%)

<0.001^a

 Alcoholism

187 (13%)

54 (10%)

0.054

 Psychiatric disease

147 (10%)

45 (8%)

0.17

 Solid organ transplant

0 (0%)

6 (1.1%)

<0.001^a

 HIV

8 (0.6%)

1 (0.2%)

0.46

Outcomes

 Max Marshall MOF score

4.7 (3.2 to 6.7)

5.3 (3.8 to 7.2)

<0.001^a

 Max Denver 2 MOF score

2 (0 to 3)

2 (1 to 4)

<0.001^a

 On ventilator, days

6 (2 to 13)

8 (3 to 16)

<0.001^a

 Tracheostomy

308 (22%)

145 (27%)

0.019^a

 ICU readmission

137 (10%)

51 (10%)

0.93

 Non-infectious complications

592 (42%)

277 (53%)

<0.001^a

 Surgical site infections

202 (15%)

61 (11%)

0.09

 VAP

363 (26%)

159 (30%)

0.023^a

 ICU length of stay, days

9 (4 to 17)

11 (5 to 20)

<0.001^a

 Hospital length of stay, days

19 (10 to 31)

18 (9 to 30)

0.07

Complicated outcome

391 (30%)

226 (47%)

<0.001^a

Mortality at 28 days

54 (6.7%)

76 (15.8%)

<0.001^a