| | | | | | |
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
|
Gram-negative bacteria
|
---|
Pig
|
Group
|
Hours of MV
|
Fever* (°C)
|
WBC* (cells/mm3)
|
Purulent secretions*
|
Clinical suspicion of VAP/VAT
|
Microbiologically confirmed VAP
|
Microbiologically confirmed VAT
|
Microbiologically confirmed VAP
|
Species
|
Microbiologically confirmed VAT
|
---|
17
|
24 h
|
24
|
37.6
|
21400
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
–
|
No
|
20
|
24 h
|
24
|
40.2
|
23100
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
–
|
No
|
30
|
24 h
|
24
|
38.5
|
19700
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
–
|
No
|
50
|
24 h
|
24
|
37.4
|
39500
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
–
|
No
|
18
|
48 h
|
48
|
39.2
|
20500
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
–
|
No
|
27
|
48 h
|
48
|
38.3
|
28000
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
–
|
No
|
44
|
48 h
|
48
|
36.2
|
21700
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
Bordetella bronchiseptica
|
Yes
|
51
|
48 h
|
48
|
37.6
|
18200
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
–
|
No
|
55
|
48 h
|
48
|
36.1
|
18300
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
Bordetella bronchiseptica
|
Yes
|
34
|
48-ALI
|
48
|
36.0
|
16400
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
Escherichia coli
|
Yes
|
37
|
48-ALI
|
48
|
NA
|
21600
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
–
|
No
|
40
|
48-ALI
|
48
|
38.9
|
29000
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
–
|
No
|
52
|
48-ALI
|
48
|
37.6
|
24900
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
Escherichia coli
|
Yes
|
54
|
48-ALI
|
18
|
NA
|
24700
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
Bordetella bronchiseptica
|
Yes
|
22
|
72 h
|
72
|
NA
|
18600
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
Bordetella bronchiseptica
|
Yes
|
31
|
72 h
|
72
|
36.0
|
22000
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
–
|
No
|
48
|
72 h
|
72
|
37.0
|
22700
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
–
|
No
|
53
|
72 h
|
72
|
36.5
|
21700
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
–
|
No
|
- Pulmonary infections were clinically suspected in the case of at least two of three of the following clinical features: body temperature >38.5°C or <36°C; white blood count >14,000/mm3 or <4,000/mm3 and purulent secretions. VAT was microbiologically confirmed when a bronchial mucosa culture was ≥3 log cfu/g. VAP was microbiologically confirmed according to a lung tissue quantitative bacterial culture ≥3 log cfu/g. Of note, only pulmonary lobes with apparent gross findings of pneumonia (edematous tissue; consolidated areas; mucopurulent material in the tracheobronchial tree; abscess) were sampled, whereas in group 48-ALI all lobes were sampled. *Only values upon autopsy are reported in the table, but statistical analysis included all values collected every 12 hours: P-values for differences among groups were 0.212 (Fever), 0.276 (WBC), 0.298 (Purulent secretions), 0.439 (Clinical suspicion of VAP/VAT), not significant (Microbiologically confirmed VAP) and 0.327 (Microbiologically confirmed VAT) for P. Aeruginosa, and not significant (Microbiologically confirmed VAP) and 0.423 (Microbiologically confirmed VAT) for Gram-negative bacteria. ALI, acute lung injury; MV, mechanical ventilation; VAP, ventilator-associated pneumonia; VAT, ventilator associated tracheobronchitis; WBC, white blood cell; 24 h, 24 hours; 48 h, 48 hours; 48 h-ALI, 48 hours with concomitant acute lung injury; 72 h, 72 hours.