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Table 1 Study population and hospital-acquired infection incidence rates by unit and time perioda

From: Targeted screening for third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae carriage among patients admitted to intensive care units: a quasi-experimental study

Variables

Unit A

Unit B

Period 1(2008 to 2010)c , n = 1,110

Period 2(2011)c , n = 552

P -value

Period 1 (2008 to 2010)b , n = 646

Period 2(2011)b , n = 250

P -value

Categorical variables, n (%)

      
 

Male sex

669 (60.3)

348 (63.0)

0.28

430 (66.6)

157 (62.8)

0.29

 

Antibioticsd

759 (68.4)

436 (79.0)

<0.001

288 (44.6)

148 (59.2)

<0.001

 

Trauma patients

44 (4.0)

8 (1.5)

0.006

137 (21.2)

15 (6.0)

<0.001

Diagnostic categoryd

  

0.14

  

0.004

 

Medical ICU

1,030 (92.8)

522 (94.6)

 

248 (38.4)

121 (48.4)

 
 

Emergency surgical ICU

50 (4.5)

14 (2.5)

 

181 (28.0)

46 (18.4)

 
 

Scheduled surgical ICU

30 (2.7)

16 (2.9)

 

217 (33.6)

83 (33.2)

 

Patient origind

  

<0.001

  

0.005

 

Home or nursing home

473 (42.6)

437 (79.2)

 

140 (21.7)

65 (26.0)

 
 

Short-stay unit

559 (50.4)

103 (18.7)

 

404 (62.5)

146 (58.4)

 
 

Long-stay unit

29 (2.6)

7 (1.3)

 

24 (3.7)

0 (0.0)

 
 

ICU

49 (4.4)

5 (0.9)

 

78 (12.1)

39 (15.6)

 
 

Immunodeficiencyd

243 (21.9)

102 (18,5)

0.16

329 (51.0)

101 (40.4)

0.014

 

Invasive mechanical ventilation

800 (72.1)

369 (66.9)

0.03

442 (68.4)

131 (52.4)

<0.001

 

Central venous catheterization

737 (66.4)

383 (69.4)

0.22

518 (80.2)

220 (88.0)

0.006

 

Urinary catheterization

1,027 (92.5)

494 (89.5)

0.04

557 (86.2)

217 (86.8)

0.82

 

Died in-hospital

253 (22.8)

109 (19.8)

0.16

93 (14.4)

37 (14.8)

0.88

Continuous variable, mean (SD)

      
 

Length of ICU stay, days

10.1 (15.4)

7.1 (8.5)

<0.001

12.1 (22.8)

11.1 (19.0)

0.54

 

Age, yearsd

61.2 (16.9)

62.7 (16.9)

0.10

59.1 (16.0)

61.8 (16.6)

0.03

 

SAPS IId

51.7 (19.1)

51.6 (18.3)

0.92

41.2 (20.0)

37.7 (16.3)

0.014

 

Length of invasive mechanical ventilation, days

8.7 (15.1)

5.7 (7.8)

<0.001

11.4 (25.7)

11.0 (20.0)

0.85

 

Length of urinary catheterization, days

9.7 (14.1)

6.2 (6.5)

<0.001

10.6 (19.2)

9.6 (15.8)

0.49

Incidence of overall HAIs

      
 

Number of HAIs

149

50

 

116

38

 
 

Attack ratee

13.4

9.1

0.01

18.0

15.2

0.33

 

Incidence of overall HAIsf (95% CI)

18.0 (15.3 to 21.2)

15.2 (11.3 to 20.0)

0.29

23.5 (19.4 to 28.2)

21.8 (15.5 to 30.0)

0.71

Incidence of 3GC-RE-related HAIs

      
 

Number of 3GC-RE-related HAIs

56

5

 

20

5

 
 

Attack ratee

5.1

0.9

<0.001

3.1

2.0

0.37

 

Incidence of 3GC-RE-related HAIsf (95% CI)

5.4 (4.1 to 7.0)

1.3 (0.4 to 3.0)

<0.001

2.8 (1.7 to 4.3)

1.9 (0.6 to 4.5)

0.48

  1. aCI, Confidence interval; 3GC-RE-related HAIs, Hospital-acquired infections (pneumonia, urinary tract infections and bacteraemia) with identification of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in at least one clinical sample; ICU, Intensive care unit; Overall HAIs, Overall hospital-acquired infections (pneumonia, urinary tract infections and bacteraemia); SAPS II, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II; SD, Standard deviation. bUniversal screening. cTargeted screening. dAt admission. ePer 100 patients. fPer 1,000 patient-days.
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