Before GRIP-II | After GRIP-II | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total ( N = 5,787) | Survivors ( n = 4,440) | Nonsurvivors ( n = 1,347) | P -value | Total ( N = 4,664) | Survivors ( n = 3,735) | Nonsurvivors ( n = 929) | P -value | P-valueb | ||
Baseline characteristics | ||||||||||
Age, yr, mean (SD) | 58.6 (17.1) | 57.3 (17.3) | 62.6 (15.7) | <0.001* | 60.4 (16.2) | 59.4 (16.4) | 64.2 (14.8) | <0.001* | <0.001 | |
Sex, male | 3,453 (59.7) | 2,652 (59.7) | 801 (59.5) | 0.863 | 2,887 (61.9) | 2,355 (63.1) | 532 (57.3) | 0.001 | 0.020 | |
Reason for admission | ||||||||||
Medical | 1,979 (34.3) | 1,270 (28.7) | 709 (52.6) | <0.001 | 787 (16.9) | 519 (13.9) | 268 (28.9) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Surgical | 3,799 (65.7) | 3,161 (71.3) | 638 (47.4) | <0.001 | 3,871 (83.1) | 3,211 (86.1) | 660 (71.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
LOS ICU, days | 4.2 (21. to 10.0) | 3.9 (2.0 to 9.0) | 5.8 (2.9 to 12.3) | <0.001* | 4.0 (2.0 to 10.5) | 3.8 (1.9 to 9.7) | 6.1 (3.0 to 13.4) | <0.001* | 0.194* | |
LOS hospital, days | 17.5 (9.9 to 18.3) | 19.8 (12.1 to 35.1) | 9.3 (4.1 to 20.1) | <0.001* | 18.1 (10.3 to 32.5) | 19.8 (12.2 to 34.5) | 10.3 (4.3 to 23.7) | <0.001* | 0.005* | |
APACHE II scorec | 17 (12 to 22) | 15 (11 to 20) | 21 (17 to 28) | <0.001* | 16 (12 to 21) | 15 (11 to 19) | 21 (17 to 27) | <0.001* | 0.222* | |
AKId | 1,934 (33.4) | 1,174 (26.5) | 760 (56.4) | <0.001 | 1,509 (32.3) | 988 (26.4) | 521 (56.1) | <0.001 | 0.384 | |
KDIGO stage 1 | 767 (39.7) | 551 (47.0) | 216 (28.4) | 621 (41.2) | 482 (48.8) | 139 (26.7) | ||||
KDIGO stage 2 | 376 (19.4) | 229 (19.5) | 147 (19.3) | 304 (20.1) | 203 (20.5) | 101 (19.4) | ||||
KDIGO stage 3 | 791 (40.9) | 394 (33.5) | 397 (52.2) | 584 (38.7) | 303 (30.7) | 281 (53.9) | ||||
RRT | 564 (9.7) | 299 (6.7) | 265 (19.7) | <0.001 | 435 (9.3) | 225 (6.0) | 210 (22.6) | <0.001 | 0.466 | |
K+ measurements/day, n | 1.7 (1.1 to 3.0) | 1.7 (1.1 to 3.1) | 1.6 (1.0 to 2.8) | 0.003* | 5.5 (3.5 to 7.3) | 5.4 (3.6 to 7.2) | 5.6 (3.0 to 8.1) | 0.032* | <0.001* | |
Potassium summary statistics, early phasee | ||||||||||
Admission K+ level, mmol/L | 4.1 (3.7 to 4.5) | 4.1 (3.7 to 4.5) | 4.2 (3.7 to 4.7) | <0.001* | 4.0 (3.7 to 4.4) | 4.0 (3.7 to 4.4) | 4.1 (3.7 to 4.6) | 0.001* | <0.001* | |
Mean K+ level, mmol/L | 4.1 (3.8 to 4.5) | 4.1 (3.8 to 4.5) | 4.2 (3.8 to 4.7) | <0.004* | 4.2 (3.9 to 4.5) | 4.2 (3.9 to 4.4) | 4.2 (3.8 to 4.5) | 0.935* | 0.007* | |
K+ variability, mmol/L | 0.30 (0.17 to 0.47) | 0.29 (0.16 to 0.45) | 0.33 (0.18 to 0.53) | <0.001* | 0.29 (0.20 to 0.40) | 0.28 (0.19 to 0.39) | 0.32 (0.22 to 0.45) | <0.001* | 0.105* | |
K+ range, mmol/L | 0.50 (0.20 to 1.00) | 0.5 (0.20 to 0.90) | 0.6 (0.30 to 1.1) | <0.001* | 0.80 (0.60 to 1.20) | 0.8 (0.60 to 1.20) | 0.9 (0.70 to 1.40) | <0.001* | <0.001* | |
Time in hypokalemia, mean (SD)f | 8.9 (25.3) | 8.2 (24.6) | 11.0 (25.3) | <0.001* | 5.5 (15.0) | 4.9 (14.4) | 8.0 (16.9) | <0.001* | <0.001* | |
Time in hyperkalemia, mean (SD)f | 8.1 (23.3) | 6.8 (21.3) | 12.0 (28.5) | <0.001* | 7.0 (19.0) | 6.1 (17.6) | 10.5 (23.8) | <0.001* | <0.001* | |
Hypokalemia, mild | 964 (16.9%) | 772 (16.5%) | 242 (18.0%) | 0.201 | 913 (19.8%) | 695 (18.8%) | 218 (23.7%) | 0.001 | <0.001 | |
Hypokalemia, severe | 226 (4.0%) | 147 (3.4%) | 79 (5.9%) | <0.001 | 192 (4.2%) | 125 (3.4%) | 67 (7.3%) | <0.001 | 0.590 | |
Hyperkalemia, mild | 850 (14.9%) | 612 (14.0%) | 238 (17.7%) | 0.001 | 827 (17.9%) | 606 (16.4%) | 221 (24.1%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Hyperkalemia, severe | 227 (4.0%) | 128 (2.9%) | 99 (7.4%) | <0.001 | 184 (4.0%) | 131 (3.5%) | 53 (5.8%) | 0.002 | 0.961 | |
Potassium summary statistics, late phase | ||||||||||
Mean K+ level, mmol/L | 4.1 (3.8 to 4.4) | 4.1 (3.8 to 4.3) | 4.2 (3.9 to 4.6) | <0.001* | 4.2 (4.0 to 4.4) | 4.2 (4.0 to 4.4) | 4.3 (4.1 to 4.6) | <0.001* | <0.001* | |
K+ variability, mmol/L | 0.31 (0.20 to 0.46) | 0.29 (0.19 to 0.42) | 0.38 (0.25 to 0.55) | <0.001* | 0.26 (0.18 to 0.35) | 0.24 (0.17 to 0.32) | 0.33 (0.23 to 0.44) | <0.001* | <0.001* | |
K+ range, mmol/L | 0.10 (0.00 to 0.33) | 0.1 (0.00 to 0.30) | 0.18 (0.00 to 0.4) | <0.001* | 0.43 (0.30 to 60) | 0.40 (0.25 to 0.57) | 0.55 (0.4 to 0.75) | <0.001* | <0.001* | |
Time in hypokalemia, mean (SD)f | 9.2 (20.9) | 9.1 (21.4) | 9.3 (19.4) | <0.001* | 3.0 (11.3) | 3.0 (11.4) | 3.0 (10.7) | 0.060* | <0.001* | |
Time in hyperkalemia, mean (SD)f | 6.1 (18.2) | 3.7 (13.6) | 13.9 (27.2) | <0.001* | 5.2 (15.5) | 2.2 (11.8) | 12.7 (23.9) | <0.001* | <0.001* | |
Hypokalemia, mild | 1,346 (23.3%) | 998 (22.5%) | 348 (25.8%) | 0.011 | 764 (16.4%) | 599 (16.0%) | 165 (17.8%) | 0.204 | <0.001 | |
Hypokalemia, severe | 241 (4.2%) | 162 (3.6%) | 79 (5.9%) | <0.001 | 104 (2.2%) | 75 (2.0%) | 29 (3.2%) | 0.040 | <0.001 | |
Hyperkalemia, mild | 867 (15.0%) | 541 (12.2%) | 326 (24.2%) | <0.001 | 906 (19.4%) | 586 (15.7%) | 320 (34.4%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Hyperkalemia, severe | 207 (3.6%) | 72 (1.7%) | 135 (10.0%) | <0.001 | 168 (3.6%) | 68 (1.8%) | 100 (10.7%) | <0.001 | 0.945 |