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Table 4 Baseline characteristics and blood potassium summary statistics before and after introduction of GRIP-IIa

From: The relationship between serum potassium, potassium variability and in-hospital mortality in critically ill patients and a before-after analysis on the impact of computer-assisted potassium control

 

Before GRIP-II

After GRIP-II

 

Total ( N = 5,787)

Survivors ( n = 4,440)

Nonsurvivors ( n = 1,347)

P -value

Total ( N = 4,664)

Survivors ( n = 3,735)

Nonsurvivors ( n = 929)

P -value

P-valueb

Baseline characteristics

         

Age, yr, mean (SD)

58.6 (17.1)

57.3 (17.3)

62.6 (15.7)

<0.001*

60.4 (16.2)

59.4 (16.4)

64.2 (14.8)

<0.001*

<0.001

Sex, male

3,453 (59.7)

2,652 (59.7)

801 (59.5)

0.863

2,887 (61.9)

2,355 (63.1)

532 (57.3)

0.001

0.020

Reason for admission

         

 Medical

1,979 (34.3)

1,270 (28.7)

709 (52.6)

<0.001

787 (16.9)

519 (13.9)

268 (28.9)

<0.001

<0.001

 Surgical

3,799 (65.7)

3,161 (71.3)

638 (47.4)

<0.001

3,871 (83.1)

3,211 (86.1)

660 (71.1)

<0.001

<0.001

LOS ICU, days

4.2 (21. to 10.0)

3.9 (2.0 to 9.0)

5.8 (2.9 to 12.3)

<0.001*

4.0 (2.0 to 10.5)

3.8 (1.9 to 9.7)

6.1 (3.0 to 13.4)

<0.001*

0.194*

LOS hospital, days

17.5 (9.9 to 18.3)

19.8 (12.1 to 35.1)

9.3 (4.1 to 20.1)

<0.001*

18.1 (10.3 to 32.5)

19.8 (12.2 to 34.5)

10.3 (4.3 to 23.7)

<0.001*

0.005*

APACHE II scorec

17 (12 to 22)

15 (11 to 20)

21 (17 to 28)

<0.001*

16 (12 to 21)

15 (11 to 19)

21 (17 to 27)

<0.001*

0.222*

AKId

1,934 (33.4)

1,174 (26.5)

760 (56.4)

<0.001

1,509 (32.3)

988 (26.4)

521 (56.1)

<0.001

0.384

 KDIGO stage 1

767 (39.7)

551 (47.0)

216 (28.4)

 

621 (41.2)

482 (48.8)

139 (26.7)

  

 KDIGO stage 2

376 (19.4)

229 (19.5)

147 (19.3)

 

304 (20.1)

203 (20.5)

101 (19.4)

  

 KDIGO stage 3

791 (40.9)

394 (33.5)

397 (52.2)

 

584 (38.7)

303 (30.7)

281 (53.9)

  

RRT

564 (9.7)

299 (6.7)

265 (19.7)

<0.001

435 (9.3)

225 (6.0)

210 (22.6)

<0.001

0.466

K+ measurements/day, n

1.7 (1.1 to 3.0)

1.7 (1.1 to 3.1)

1.6 (1.0 to 2.8)

0.003*

5.5 (3.5 to 7.3)

5.4 (3.6 to 7.2)

5.6 (3.0 to 8.1)

0.032*

<0.001*

Potassium summary statistics, early phasee

Admission K+ level, mmol/L

4.1 (3.7 to 4.5)

4.1 (3.7 to 4.5)

4.2 (3.7 to 4.7)

<0.001*

4.0 (3.7 to 4.4)

4.0 (3.7 to 4.4)

4.1 (3.7 to 4.6)

0.001*

<0.001*

Mean K+ level, mmol/L

4.1 (3.8 to 4.5)

4.1 (3.8 to 4.5)

4.2 (3.8 to 4.7)

<0.004*

4.2 (3.9 to 4.5)

4.2 (3.9 to 4.4)

4.2 (3.8 to 4.5)

0.935*

0.007*

K+ variability, mmol/L

0.30 (0.17 to 0.47)

0.29 (0.16 to 0.45)

0.33 (0.18 to 0.53)

<0.001*

0.29 (0.20 to 0.40)

0.28 (0.19 to 0.39)

0.32 (0.22 to 0.45)

<0.001*

0.105*

K+ range, mmol/L

0.50 (0.20 to 1.00)

0.5 (0.20 to 0.90)

0.6 (0.30 to 1.1)

<0.001*

0.80 (0.60 to 1.20)

0.8 (0.60 to 1.20)

0.9 (0.70 to 1.40)

<0.001*

<0.001*

Time in hypokalemia, mean (SD)f

8.9 (25.3)

8.2 (24.6)

11.0 (25.3)

<0.001*

5.5 (15.0)

4.9 (14.4)

8.0 (16.9)

<0.001*

<0.001*

Time in hyperkalemia, mean (SD)f

8.1 (23.3)

6.8 (21.3)

12.0 (28.5)

<0.001*

7.0 (19.0)

6.1 (17.6)

10.5 (23.8)

<0.001*

<0.001*

Hypokalemia, mild

964 (16.9%)

772 (16.5%)

242 (18.0%)

0.201

913 (19.8%)

695 (18.8%)

218 (23.7%)

0.001

<0.001

Hypokalemia, severe

226 (4.0%)

147 (3.4%)

79 (5.9%)

<0.001

192 (4.2%)

125 (3.4%)

67 (7.3%)

<0.001

0.590

Hyperkalemia, mild

850 (14.9%)

612 (14.0%)

238 (17.7%)

0.001

827 (17.9%)

606 (16.4%)

221 (24.1%)

<0.001

<0.001

Hyperkalemia, severe

227 (4.0%)

128 (2.9%)

99 (7.4%)

<0.001

184 (4.0%)

131 (3.5%)

53 (5.8%)

0.002

0.961

Potassium summary statistics, late phase

Mean K+ level, mmol/L

4.1 (3.8 to 4.4)

4.1 (3.8 to 4.3)

4.2 (3.9 to 4.6)

<0.001*

4.2 (4.0 to 4.4)

4.2 (4.0 to 4.4)

4.3 (4.1 to 4.6)

<0.001*

<0.001*

K+ variability, mmol/L

0.31 (0.20 to 0.46)

0.29 (0.19 to 0.42)

0.38 (0.25 to 0.55)

<0.001*

0.26 (0.18 to 0.35)

0.24 (0.17 to 0.32)

0.33 (0.23 to 0.44)

<0.001*

<0.001*

K+ range, mmol/L

0.10 (0.00 to 0.33)

0.1 (0.00 to 0.30)

0.18 (0.00 to 0.4)

<0.001*

0.43 (0.30 to 60)

0.40 (0.25 to 0.57)

0.55 (0.4 to 0.75)

<0.001*

<0.001*

Time in hypokalemia, mean (SD)f

9.2 (20.9)

9.1 (21.4)

9.3 (19.4)

<0.001*

3.0 (11.3)

3.0 (11.4)

3.0 (10.7)

0.060*

<0.001*

Time in hyperkalemia, mean (SD)f

6.1 (18.2)

3.7 (13.6)

13.9 (27.2)

<0.001*

5.2 (15.5)

2.2 (11.8)

12.7 (23.9)

<0.001*

<0.001*

Hypokalemia, mild

1,346 (23.3%)

998 (22.5%)

348 (25.8%)

0.011

764 (16.4%)

599 (16.0%)

165 (17.8%)

0.204

<0.001

Hypokalemia, severe

241 (4.2%)

162 (3.6%)

79 (5.9%)

<0.001

104 (2.2%)

75 (2.0%)

29 (3.2%)

0.040

<0.001

Hyperkalemia, mild

867 (15.0%)

541 (12.2%)

326 (24.2%)

<0.001

906 (19.4%)

586 (15.7%)

320 (34.4%)

<0.001

<0.001

Hyperkalemia, severe

207 (3.6%)

72 (1.7%)

135 (10.0%)

<0.001

168 (3.6%)

68 (1.8%)

100 (10.7%)

<0.001

0.945

  1. aLOS, Length of stay; RRT, Renal replacement therapy. Data are expressed as number (%) or median (interquartile range) unless otherwise specified. Statistical analysis was performed by using a χ2 test, unless marked by an asterisk, in which case a Mann–Whitney U test was used. bBefore and after glucose and potassium regulation program for intensive care patients (GRIP-II) comparison. cAcute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) scores were known for 5,294 (50.7%) patients. dAcute kidney injury (AKI) was defined according to the Acute Kidney Injury Network’s Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria. There were no data available for six (0.06%) patients. ePotassium levels during the first 24 hours were known for 10,327 (98.8%) patients. fPercentage of total intensive care unit (ICU) stay.