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Table 1 Study settings, size, population and aims

From: Physiological changes after fluid bolus therapy in sepsis: a systematic review of contemporary data

First author

Journal

Year

Aims of study

Location

Institution(s)

Study type

Population size

Bihari [36]

Shock

2013

Investigation of the use and effects of fluid boluses in septic patients following primary resuscitation

Australia

Single centre, academic ICU

Prospective observational study

50 patients with severe sepsis or septic shock

Castellanos-Ortega [37]

Critical Care Medicine

2010

Evaluation of the impact of a standardised EGDT response to sepsis

Spain

Single centre, academic ICU

Quasi-experimental study

480 patients with septic shock

De Backer [38]

New England Journal of Medicine

2010

Assessing the effect of noradrenaline as first-line vasopressor on mortality

Europe

8 centres, mixed ICUs

Randomised clinical trial

1,679 patients with shock requiring vaspressor therapy. 1,044 patients with sepsis

Dong [39]

World Journal of Emergency Medicine

2012

Investigating the relationship between stroke volume index and passive leg raising and fluid responsiveness

China

2 centres, general ICUs

Prospective observational study

32 mechanically ventilated patients with septic shock

Freitas [40]

British Journal of Anaesthesia

2013

Evaluation of the predictive value of automated PPV for fluid responsiveness in patients with sepsis and low tidal volumes

Brazil

Single centre, academic ICU

Prospective observational study

40 patients with low tidal volume ventilation and severe sepsis or septic shock requiring a fluid challenge

Gaieski [41]

Critical Care Medicine

2010

Evaluation of the impact of a standardised EGDT response to sepsis on time to antibiotic administration and survival

USA

Single centre, academic ICU

Retrospective observational study

261 patients with severe sepsis and septic shock undergoing EGDT

Hamzaoui [42]

Critical Care

2010

Evaluation of the cardiac consequences of early administration of noradrenaline

France

Single centre, academic ICU

Prospective observational study

105 patients with septic shock requiring vasopressor commencement following initial fluid resuscitation

Hanzelka [43]

Supportive Care in Cancer

2013

Evaluation of the impact of a standardised EGDT response to sepsis

USA

Single centre, academic ED

Retrospective observational study

200 patients with cancer and severe sepsis or septic shock presenting to ED

Jacob [44]

Critical Care Medicine

2012

Evaluation of the impact of early monitored sepsis management

Uganda

2 centres, medical/treatment centres

Prospective observational study

671 patients with severe sepsis presenting within office hours

Khwannimit [45]

European Journal of Anaesthesiology

2012

Comparing SVV by Vigileo with PPV by monitor to predict fluid responsiveness

Thailand

Single centre, academic ICU

Prospective observational study

42 patients with septic shock who were mechanically ventilated with tidal volumes >8 ml/kg requiring fluid resuscitation

Lakhal [46]

Intensive Care Medicine

2013

Identification of fluid responsiveness from IABP and NIBP

France

3 centres, academic ICU

Prospective observational study

130 patients with circulatory failure requiring a fluid challenge. 58 patients with septic shock

Lanspa [47]

Journal of Critical Care

2012

Assessment of CVP and shock index to predict haemodynamic response to volume expansion when compared with CVP alone

USA

Single centre, academic ICU

Prospective observational study

25 patients with septic shock over 14 years of age

Machare-Delgado [48]

Journal of Intensive Care Medicine

2011

Predicting fluid responsiveness by comparing SVV and inferior vena caval respiratory variation by ECHO during mechanical ventilation

USA

Single centre, medical academic ICU

Prospective observational study

25 mechanically ventilated vasopressor-dependent patients who required a fluid challenge. 22 patients with severe sepsis or septic shock

MacRedmond [49]

Quality and Safety in Health Care

2010

Evaluation of the impact of implementing a quality initiative on the management of severe sepsis and septic shock

Canada

Single centre, ICU

Quasi-experimental study

74 patients with severe sepsis or septic shock admitted via ED

Mahjoub [50]

Intensive Care Medicine

2012

Assessment of the impact of volume expansion on patients with left ventricular dysfunction

France

Single centre, academic ICU

Prospective observational study

83 mechanically ventilated patients with sepsis-induced circulatory failure

McIntyre [51]

Journal of Critical Care

2012

Feasibility study comparing the effects of 5% albumin versus 0.9% saline for resuscitation in septic shock

Canada

6 centres, academic ED and ICU

Randomised clinical trial

50 patients with refractory hypotension and sepsis

Monnet [52]

Critical Care

2010

Comparing haemodynamic changes induced by noradrenaline and volume expansion using Vigileo and PiCCO

France

Single centre, academic medical ICU

Prospective observational study

80 patients with sepsis-induced circulatory failure

Monnet [53]

Critical Care Medicine

2011

Assessing the effects of noradrenaline on haemodynamics in sepsis

France

Single centre, academic medical ICU

Prospective observational study

25 patients with sepsis-induced fluid-responsive acute circulatory failure with DBP <40 mmHg, or requiring noradrenaline

Monnet [54]

Critical Care Medicine

2013

Comparing ScvO2 and markers of anaerobic metabolism as predictors of unfavourable changes in oxygen extraction

France

Single centre, academic medical ICU

Prospective observational study

51 patients with acute circulatory failure undergoing transpulmonary thermodilution monitoring, 40 patients with septic shock

Monnet [55]

Critical Care Medicine

2011

Investigation of the utility of pulse pressure as a surrogate for changes in cardiac output

France

Single centre, academic medical ICU

Prospective observational study

373 patients with acute circulatory failure requiring a fluid challenge or the introduction or dose increase of noradrenaline. 338 patients with septic shock

O’Neill [56]

Journal of Emergency Medicine

2012

Evaluation of the most difficult elements of a SSC protocol to implement in a community-based ED

USA

Single centre, community ED

Retrospective observational study

79 with severe sepsis or septic shock remaining hypotensive following 2,000 ml of fluid resuscitation

Ospina-Tascon [57]

Intensive Care Medicine

2010

Evaluation of the effects of fluid administration on microcirculatory alterations in sepsis

Belgium

Single centre, academic ICU

Prospective observational study

60 patients with severe sepsis requiring fluid challenge. 37 within 24 hours of diagnosis, 23 after 48 hours

Patel [58]

Annals of Pharmacotherapy

2010

Investigation of the implementation and effects of introducing the SSC guidelines

USA

Single centre, community ICU

Prospective observational study

112 patients with sepsis or septic shock

Pierrakos [59]

Intensive Care Medicine

2012

Evaluation of the correlation between changes in MAP and CI following fluid challenge

Belgium

Single centre, academic ICU

Prospective observational study

51 patients with septic shock undergoing invasive haemodynamic monitoring and requiring a fluid challenge

Pottecher [60]

Intensive Care Medicine

2010

Assessment of sublingual microcirculatory changes in response to fluid challenge

France

2 centres, academic ED

Prospective observational study

25 mechanically ventilated patients with severe sepsis or septic shock within 24 hours of ICU admission demonstrating pre-load dependency

Sanchez [61]

Anaesthesia and Intensive Care

2011

Measuring the response to a fluid load in patients with and without septic shock

Spain

Single centre, academic ICU

Prospective observational study

32 patients requiring invasive monitoring. 18 patients with septic shock

Schnell [62]

Critical Care Medicine

2013

Assessment of the effects of a fluid challenge on Doppler-based renal resistive index in critically ill patients

France

3 centres, academic ICUs

Prospective observational study

35 mechanically ventilated patients with real-time cardiac monitoring requiring a fluid challenge. 30 patients with sepsis

Sturgess [63]

Anaesthesia and Intensive Care

2010

Comparison of aortic corrected flow time, BNP and CVP as predictors of fluid responsiveness

Australia

Single centre, private ICU

Prospective observational study

10 patients with septic shock requiring a fluid challenge

Trof [64]

Critical Care Medicine

2012

Comparison of volume-guided and pressure-guided hemodynamic management in shocked patients

Netherlands

2 centres, academic, ICU

Randomised clinical trial

120 patients with shock requiring invasive haemodynamic monitoring and >48 hours of ICU admission. 72 patients with sepsis

van Haren [65]

Shock

2012

Evaluation of the effects of hypertonic versus isotonic fluid administration in patients with septic shock

Netherlands

Single centre, academic ICU

Randomised clinical trial

24 patients with septic shock enrolled within 24 hours of admission

Wacharasint [66]

Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand

2012

Evaluation of the effectiveness of three dynamic measures of fluid responsiveness in septic shock patients

Thailand

Single centre, medical ICU

Prospective observational study

20 patients with sepsis and acute circulatory failure with invasive haemodynamic monitoring stable for 15 minutes prior to inclusion

Yu [67]

Shock

2011

Evaluation of the effects of blood volume analysis compared with pulmonary artery catheter monitoring

North America

Single centre, academic ICU

Randomised clinical trial

100 patients requiring resuscitation for shock. 69 patients with severe sepsis or septic shock

Zhang [68]

Journal of Critical Care

2012

Investigation of the association between plasma protein levels and subsequent pulmonary oedema

China

Single centre, academic ICU

Retrospective observational study

62 patients with sepsis undergoing transpulmonary thermodilution assessment requiring fluid

  1. BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; CI, cardiac index; CVP, central venous pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ECHO, echocardiogram; ED, Emergency Department; EGDT, early goal directed therapy; IABP, intra-arterial blood pressure; MAP, mean arterial blood pressure; NIBP, non-invasive blood pressure; PiCCO, pulse contour cardiac output monitoring; PPV, pulse pressure variation; ScvO2, central venous oxygen saturation; SSC, Surviving Sepsis Campaign; SVV, stroke volume variation.