Risk factor category | Variables | Level of evidence a | Strength of association b | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | |||||||||
Strength | References d | Strength | References d | |||||||
Demographics | Increased age, per 10 years | ●●● | n/a | M + | W + | |||||
Male gender | ●●○ | M + | M + | M + | W + | W + | No | |||
White race | ●●● | S + | M + | M + | M + | M + | ||||
Comorbidities | COPD | ●●○ | S + | M + | W + | W + | W - | [25] | ||
Diabetes mellitus | ●●● | M - | W - | W + | W - | W - | ||||
Obesity | ●●○ | W - | [24] | W + | [24] | |||||
Heart failure | ●●○ | M + | M + | M + | No | |||||
Hypertension | ●○○ | S + | W + | W - | W - | No | ||||
Coronary artery disease | ●○○ | S + | M + | M + | ||||||
Myocardial infarction | ●○○ | W + | [24] | |||||||
Stroke | ●●○ | M + | M + | M + | [24] | |||||
Renal disease | ●●○ | W - | [25] | |||||||
Malignancy | ●●○ | W + | [24] | W + | [25] | |||||
Source of infection | Primary blood stream | ●●○ | W - | [24] | W + | [24] | ||||
Respiratory tract | ●●● | M + | [24] | W + | W + | |||||
Abdominal | ●●○ | M + | [24] | M + | [24] | |||||
Urinary tract | ●●● | W - | [24] | W - | W - | |||||
Skin or soft tissue | ●●○ | No | [24] | W + | W - | |||||
Pathogen | Fungal | ●●○ | M + | [24] | M + | [24] | ||||
Gram-positive bacteria | ●●○ | W + | [24] | W + | [24] | |||||
Severity of disease | Organ failurec | ●●● | S + | M + | n/a | n/a | M + | M + | ||
Electrolyte abnormality | ●○○ | W + | [24] | |||||||
Critical care interventions | Pulmonary artery catheter use | ●●● | S + | S + | M + | W + | ||||
Mechanical ventilation | ●●○ | S + | [17] | W + | [24] |