Increased plasma levels of endozepines, endogenous ligands of benzodiazepine receptors, during systemic inflammation: a prospective observational study

Table 1 Epidemiologic characteristics, endozepine, biomarkers of inflammation and cytokine levels of healthy volunteers and patients with inflammation ^a

	Healthy volunteers ( n = 16)	Patients with inflammation ( n = 44)
Age (yr)	37.0 [29 to 45]	44 [28 to 60]^b
Sex, n (M/F)	8/8^b	23/21
Weight (kg)	61 [59.5 to 71]	71 [62 to 80]^b
APACHE II score	NA	3 [2–6]
Length of stay (days)	NA	5 [4–8]
Creatinine (μ mol/L)	UM	72 [61 to 79]
DBI-LI (pg/ml)	11.1 [5.9 to 35.3]	48.6 [32.7 to 77.7]^c
PMN (×10 ³ /ml)	UM	9.2 [6.7 to 13]
CRP (mg/L)	UM	189 [132 to 279]
PCT (μ g/L)	UM	0.25 [0.16 to 1.4]
TNF-α (pg/ml)	6.1 [3.1 to 13.7]	4.2 [2.9 to 5.7]^b
IL-1β (pg/ml)	UD	0.37 [0.12 to 0.69]
IL-6 (pg/ml)	UD	48.7 [17.6 to 79.7]

^aThe results are expressed as median and 25th to 75th interquartile range. ^bNot statistically different from healthy volunteers; ^cP < 0.001 vs healthy volunteers. APACHE II, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; CRP, C-reactive protein, DBI-LI, Diazepam-binding inhibitor–like immunoreactivity; IL, Interleukin; NA, Not applicable, PCT, Procalcitonin; PMN, Polymorphonuclear neutrophils; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor α; UM, Unmeasured; UD, Undetectable.

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