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Table 7 Associations of preoperative factors with stage-3 acute kidney injury (AKI) in the Bristol and Birmingham development sample (complete case data)

From: Predictive models for kidney disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO) defined acute kidney injury in UK cardiac surgery

 

Number

Number (%)

Unadjusted

Fully adjusted

 

Total

Stage-3 AKI

Odds ratio

95% CI

P -value

Odds ratio

95% CI

P -value

Demographic factors

        

Age, years

        

 <60

4,056

75 (1.8)

1.00

  

1.00

  

 60 to 74

9,074

352 (3.9)

2.14

(1.66, 2.76)

 

1.25

(0.94, 1.66)

 

 ≥75

3,397

224 (6.6)

3.75

(2.87, 4.89)

<0.001

1.29

(0.94, 1.78)

0.255

Sex

        

 Male

12,464

497 (4.0)

1.00

  

1.00

  

 Female

4,063

154 (3.8)

0.95

(0.79, 1.14)

0.575

0.45

(0.36, 0.55)

<0.001

Body mass index

        

 <20.0

594

31 (5.2)

1.57

(1.07, 2.31)

 

0.54

(0.35, 0.84)

 

 0.0 to 24.9

4,209

177 (4.2)

1.25

(1.03, 1.53)

 

0.83

(0.67, 1.03)

 

 25.0 to 29.9

7,422

251 (3.4)

1.00

  

1.00

  

 30.0 to 34.9

3,258

137 (4.2)

1.25

(1.01, 1.55)

 

1.79

(1.42, 2.26)

 

 35.0+

1,044

55 (5.3)

1.59

(1.18, 2.14)

0.006

2.60

(1.85, 3.65)

<0.001

Smoking status

        

 Never smoked

5,321

193 (3.6)

1.00

  

1.00

  

 Ex-smoker

9,499

402 (4.2)

1.17

(0.99, 1.40)

 

1.11

(0.92, 1.35)

 

 Current smoker

1,707

56 (3.3)

0.90

(0.67, 1.22)

0.061

1.35

(0.97, 1.88)

0.191

Pre-operative factors

        

Angina

        

 No angina

3,083

176 (5.7)

1.00

  

1.00

  

 CCS 1

1,859

76 (4.1)

0.70

(0.53, 0.93)

 

0.79

(0.59, 1.06)

 

 CCS 2

4,965

142 (2.9)

0.49

(0.39, 0.61)

 

0.68

(0.52, 0.89)

 

 CCS 3

3,834

135 (3.5)

0.60

(0.48, 0.76)

 

0.74

(0.56, 0.98)

 

 CCS 4

2,786

122 (4.4)

0.76

(0.60, 0.96)

<0.001

0.79

(0.59, 1.06)

0.047

Dyspnoea

        

 NYHA 1

3,583

87 (2.4)

1.00

  

1.00

  

 NHYA 2

7,223

217 (3.0)

1.24

(0.97, 1.60)

 

1.02

(0.78, 1.32)

 

 NYHA 3

4,823

242 (5.0)

2.12

(1.66, 2.72)

 

1.23

(0.94, 1.63)

 

 NYHA 4

898

105 (11.7)

5.32

(3.96, 7.14)

<0.001

1.47

(1.02, 2.10)

0.063

Previous MI

        

 0

10,457

379 (3.6)

1.00

  

1.00

  

 1

4,928

200 (4.1)

1.12

(0.94, 1.34)

 

1.06

(0.86, 1.31)

 

 ≥2

1,142

72 (6.3)

1.79

(1.38, 2.32)

<0.001

1.18

(0.86, 1.61)

0.581

Previous operations

        

 0

15,835

596 (3.8)

1.00

  

1.00

  

 1+

692

55 (7.9)

2.21

(1.66, 2.94)

<0.001

1.59

(1.15, 2.19)

0.006

Preoperative diabetes

        

 No

13,419

443 (3.3)

1.00

  

1.00

  

 Yes

3,108

208 (6.7)

2.10

(1.77, 2.49)

<0.001

1.80

(1.48, 2.18)

<0.001

Peripheral vascular disease

        

 No

14,924

554 (3.7)

1.00

  

1.00

  

 Yes

1,603

97 (6.1)

1.67

(1.34, 2.09)

<0.001

1.07

(0.84, 1.37)

0.582

Pulmonary disease

        

 No

14,490

548 (3.8)

1.00

  

1.00

  

 Yes

2,037

103 (5.1)

1.35

(1.09, 1.68)

0.006

1.02

(0.81, 1.28)

0.889

Neurological disease

        

 No

15,093

579 (3.8)

1.00

  

1.00

  

 Yes

1,434

72 (5.0)

1.33

(1.03, 1.70)

0.028

0.95

(0.72, 1.24)

0.685

Hypertension

        

 No

5,707

196 (3.4)

1.00

  

1.00

  

 Yes

10,820

455 (4.2)

1.23

(1.04, 1.46)

0.016

1.00

(0.83, 1.22)

0.972

Haemoglobin

        

 <10.0

309

45 (14.6)

5.79

(4.16, 8.07)

 

2.34

(1.59, 3.42)

 

 10.0 to 11.9

2,080

202 (9.7)

3.66

(3.07, 4.36)

 

2.17

(1.78, 2.66)

 

 12.0+

14,138

404 (2.9)

1.00

 

<0.001

1.00

 

<0.001

Glomerular filtration rate

        

 <30.0

538

98 (18.2)

8.89

(6.82, 11.59)

 

8.64

(6.14, 12.15)

 

 30.0 to 59.9

6,052

337 (5.6)

2.35

(1.95, 2.83)

 

2.37

(1.91, 2.94)

 

 60.0 to 89.9

7,199

176 (2.4)

1.00

  

1.00

  

 90+

2,738

40 (1.5)

0.59

(0.42, 0.84)

<0.001

0.46

(0.32, 0.67)

<0.001

Heparin or nitrates

        

 None

14,319

510 (3.6)

1.00

  

1.00

  

 Within a week

967

50 (5.2)

1.48

(1.10, 1.99)

 

1.00

(0.71, 1.42)

 

 At operation

1,241

91 (7.3)

2.14

(1.70, 2.70)

<0.001

1.20

(0.90, 1.61)

0.486

Critical preoperative event

        

 No

16,212

591 (3.6)

1.00

     

 Yes

315

60 (19.0)

6.22

(4.64, 8.34)

<0.001

2.44

(1.63, 3.66)

<0.001

Catheter to surgery

        

Within 24 h

337

40 (11.9)

3.02

(2.14, 4.28)

 

1.28

(0.78, 2.08)

 

 >24 h this admission

7,844

255 (3.3)

0.75

(0.64, 0.89)

 

0.55

(0.45, 0.68)

 

 >24 h previous admission

8,346

356 (4.3)

1.00

 

<0.001

1.00

 

<0.001

Triple vessel disease

        

 No

7,800

315 (4.0)

1.00

  

1.00

  

 Yes

8,727

336 (3.9)

0.95

(0.81, 1.11)

0.534

1.22

(0.98, 1.52)

0.075

Left main stem disease

        

 No

13,370

520 (3.9)

1.00

  

1.00

  

 Yes

3,157

131 (4.1)

1.07

(0.88, 1.30)

0.499

1.09

(0.87, 1.36)

0.461

Ejection fraction

        

 Good (50+ %)

11,869

367 (3.1)

1.00

  

1.00

  

 Fair (30 to 49%)

3,811

204 (5.4)

1.77

(1.49, 2.11)

 

1.07

(0.88, 1.30)

 

 Poor (<30%)

847

80 (9.4)

3.27

(2.54, 4.21)

<0.001

1.32

(0.98, 1.80)

0.206

Operative priority

        

 Elective

10,148

323 (3.2)

1.00

  

1.00

  

 Urgent

6,152

295 (4.8)

1.53

(1.30, 1.80)

 

1.51

(1.20, 1.88)

 

 Emergency/Salvage

227

33 (14.5)

5.17

(3.52, 7.61)

<0.001

1.36

(0.75, 2.46)

0.002

Cardiac procedures

        

 CABG only

10,828

294 (2.7)

1.00

  

1.00

  

 Valve only

2,482

102 (4.1)

1.54

(1.22, 1.93)

 

1.45

(1.05, 2.01)

 

 CABG+valve

1,723

135 (7.8)

3.05

(2.47, 3.76)

 

2.02

(1.57, 2.61)

 

 Other/multiple

1,494

120 (8.0)

3.13

(2.51, 3.90)

<0.001

2.69

(2.02, 3.57)

<0.001

  1. CCS, Canadian Cardiovascular Society; NYHA, New York Heart Association; MI, myocardial infarction; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; Haemoglobin, g/dL; GFR, mL/min.
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