Multi-drug resistance, inappropriate initial antibiotic therapy and mortality in Gram-negative severe sepsis and septic shock: a retrospective cohort study

Table 1 Microbiology of Gram-negative severe sepsis and septic shock

	All organisms		MDR-PA		ESBL		CP		Total MDR
	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ^a	173	16.08	26	15.03	1	0.58	1	0.58
Acinetobacter spp.^b	73	6.78			1	1.37	1	1.37
Bacteroides spp.	83	7.71
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia	22	2.04
Enterobacteriaceae
Klebsiella pneumoniae ^c	217	20.17			13	5.99	8	3.69
Escherichia coli	284	26.39			14	4.93
Klebsiella oxytoca	35	3.25			3	8.57
Proteus mirabilis	55	5.11
Serratia marcescens	46	4.28
Citrobacter freundii	25	2.32
Enterobacter aerogenes	35	3.25
Enterobacter cloacae	90	8.36			1	1.11
Other^d	6	0.56
Polymicrobial	191	17.75
Total	1,076	100.00	26		33^e		10		63^f	5.86

CP, carbapenemase-producing; ESBL, extended-spectrum beta lactamase; MDR, multidrug resistant; MDR-PA, multidrug resistant P. aeruginosa. ^aSame MDR-PA specimen that was positive for both ESBL and CP. ^bSame Acinetobacter baumanii specimen that was positive for both ESBL and CP. ^cTwo patients each had one CP K. pneumoniae + one ESBL K. pneumoniae. ^dAeromonas sobria (n = 2), Haemophilis influenza (n = 2), Pseudomonas putida (n = 1), Achromobacter sp. (n = 1). ^eThese 33 specimens came from 32 patients (one patient had 2 ESBL organisms: E. coli and K. pneumoniae). ^fThe six-sample discrepancy is explained by the above overlaps, and one patient has ESBL E. coli and CP K. pneumoniae.

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