All N= 444 | Non-ICU N= 333 | ICU N= 111 | P-value | Survivors N= 351 | Non-survivors N= 93 | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clinical features | |||||||
- Received ventilation | 139 (31.3) | 45 (13.5) | 94 (84.7) | <0.001 | 87 (24.8) | 52 (55.9) | <0.001 |
- Septic shock | 104 (23.4) | 49 (14.7) | 55 (49.5) | <0.001 | 61 (17.4) | 43 (46.2) | <0.001 |
- Altered mental status | 111 (25.0) | 53 (15.9) | 58 (52.3) | <0.001 | 66 (18.8) | 45 (48.4) | <0.001 |
- Pleural effusion | 144 (32.4) | 97 (29.1) | 47 (42.3) | 0.010 | 101 (28.8) | 43 (46.2) | 0.001 |
- Multilobar involvement | 242 (54.5) | 161 (48.3) | 81 (73.0) | <0.001 | 174 (49.6) | 68 (73.1) | <0.001 |
- Temperature <35°C or ≥40°C | 8 (1.8) | 3 (0.9) | 5 (4.5) | 0.026 | 3 (0.9) | 5 (5.4) | 0.012 |
- BUN >20 mg/dL | 279 (62.8) | 191 (57.4) | 88 (79.3) | <0.001 | 206 (58.7) | 73 (78.5) | <0.001 |
- BUN >30 mg/dL | 164 (36.9) | 107 (32.1) | 57 (51.4) | <0.001 | 113 (32.2) | 51 (54.8) | <0.001 |
- Pulse ≥125/minute | 97 (21.8) | 63 (18.9) | 34 (30.6) | 0.010 | 81 (23.1) | 16 (17.2) | 0.223 |
- Respiratory rate >30/minute | 31 (7.0) | 14 (4.2) | 17 (15.3) | <0.001 | 24 (6.8) | 7 (7.5) | 0.817 |
- Systolic BP <90 mmHg | 35 (7.9) | 18 (5.4) | 17 (15.3) | 0.001 | 21 (6.0) | 14 (15.1) | 0.004 |
- Distolic BP ≤60 mmHg | 121 (27.3) | 84 (25.2) | 37 (33.3) | 0.097 | 87 (24.8) | 34 (36.6) | 0.023 |
- Haematocrit <30% | 144 (32.4) | 110 (33.0) | 34 (30.6) | 0.640 | 105 (29.9) | 39 (41.9) | 0.028 |
- Arterial PH <7.35 | 65 (14.6) | 23 (6.9) | 44 (39.6) | <0.001 | 41 (11.7) | 24 (25.8) | 0.001 |
- Glucose ≥250 mg/dL | 44 (9.9) | 28 (8.4) | 16 (14.4) | 0.067 | 34 (9.7) | 10 (10.8) | 0.760 |
- PaO2 <60 mmHg | 86 (19.4) | 49 (14.7) | 37 (33.3) | <0.001 | 59 (16.8) | 27 (29.0) | 0.005 |
Initial antibiotic therapy§ | 0.583 | 0.001 | |||||
- Inadequate | 75 (16.9) | 57 (17.1) | 18 (16.2) | 52 (14.8) | 23 (24.7) | ||
- Adequate | 158 (35.6) | 162 (48.6) | 49 (44.1) | 117 (33.3) | 41 (44.1) | ||
- Indeterminate | 211 (47.5) | 114 (34.2) | 44 (39.6) | 182 (51.9) | 29 (31.2) | ||
Outcome | |||||||
- Length of ICU stay, days | 8 (4 to 17) | ------ | 8 (4 to 17) | --- | 12 (6.5 to 8.5) | 8 (2 to 15.3) | 0.002 |
- Length of hospital stay, days | 15 (9 to 25) | 15 (8 to 23) | 19 (9 to 37) | 0.038 | 17 (9 to 29) | 9 (4 to 20) | <0.001 |
- In-hospital mortality | 117 (26.4) | 64 (19.2) | 53 (47.8) | <0.001 | 24 (6.9) | 93 (100.0) | <0.001 |