Table 3 Availability of equipment to implement the surviving sepsis campaign guidelines
African countries N= 263 | High-income countries N= 44 | P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Always | Some-times | Never | Don't know | Always | Some-times | Never | Don't know | ||
Diagnostic equipment | |||||||||
X-ray | 236 (90.8) | 14 (5.4) | 10 (3.8) | 0 | 44 (100) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.11 |
Sonography | 216 (83.4) | 17 (6.6) | 25 (9.7) | 1 (0.4) | 43 (97.7) | 1 (2.3) | 0 | 0 | 0.04* |
Echocardiography | 152 (60.6) | 30 (12) | 61 (24.3) | 8 (3.2) | 40 (90.9) | 4 (9.1) | 0 | 0 | <0.001* |
Laboratory investigations | |||||||||
Thick drop | 251 (96.5) | 4 (1.5) | 3 (1.2) | 2 (0.8) | 35 (79.5) | 3 (6.8) | 5 (11.4) | 1 (2.3) | <0.001* |
Gram stain | 238 (92.2) | 18 (7) | 2 (0.8) | 0 | 43 (97.7) | 1 (2.3) | 0 | 0 | 0.41 |
Microbiological cultures | 193 (75.1) | 44 (17.1) | 19 (7.4) | 1 (0.4) | 44 (100) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.001* |
Antibiogram | 181 (70.4) | 51 (19.8) | 21 (8.2) | 4 (1.6) | 44 (100) | 0 | 0 | 0 | <0.001* |
Blood sugar | 242 (93.1) | 17 (6.5) | 1 (0.4) | 0 | 44 (100) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 |
Blood gas analysis | 110 (43.5) | 48 (19) | 89 (35.2) | 6 (2.4) | 44 (100) | 0 | 0 | 0 | <0.001* |
Lactate | 64 (25.7) | 60 (24.1) | 92 (36.9) | 33 (13.3) | 43 (97.7) | 1 (2.3) | 0 | 0 | <0.001* |
Blood count | 227 (87.6) | 27 (10.4) | 4 (1.5) | 1 (0.4) | 44 (100) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.05 |
Creatinine | 201 (78.2) | 40 (15.6) | 15 (5.8) | 1 (0.4) | 44 (100) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.003* |
Bilirubin | 194 (74.6) | 46 (17.7) | 18 (6.9) | 2 (0.8) | 44 (100) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.001* |
Prothrombin time/INR | 176 (68.5) | 39 (15.2) | 36 (14) | 6 (2.3) | 44 (100) | 0 | 0 | 0 | <0.001* |
Other coagulation tests | 149 (60.1) | 59 (23.8) | 29 (11.7) | 11 (4.4) | 44 (100) | 0 | 0 | 0 | <0.001* |
Monitoring equipment | |||||||||
Body temperature | 205 (79.2) | 50 (19.3) | 2 (0.8) | 2 (0.8) | 42 (95.5) | 2 (4.5) | 0 | 0 | 0.04* |
Non-invasive blood pressure | 241 (93.8) | 11 (4.3) | 5 (1.9) | 0 | 43 (97.7) | 1 (2.3) | 0 | 0 | 0.52 |
Invasive blood pressure | 58 (23.1) | 84 (33.5) | 102 (40.6) | 7 (2.8) | 41 (93.2) | 3 (6.8) | 0 | 0 | <0.001* |
Oxygen saturation | 199 (76.8) | 42 (16.2) | 18 (6.9) | 0 | 44 (100) | 0 | 0 | 0 | <0.001* |
Central venous pressure | 87 (33.9) | 78 (30.4) | 90 (35) | 2 (0.8) | 41 (93.2) | 3 (6.8) | 0 | 0 | <0.001* |
Cardiac output | 30 (12) | 62 (24.8) | 146 (58.4) | 12 (4.8) | 37 (84.1) | 5 (11.4) | 2 (4.5) | 0 | <0.001* |
Pulmonary arterial pressure | 22 (8.6) | 45 (17.6) | 174 (68) | 15 (5.9) | 34 (77.3) | 8 (18.2) | 2 (4.5) | 0 | <0.001* |
Endtidal carbon dioxyde | 99 (38.2) | 78 (30.1) | 78 (30.1) | 4 (1.5) | 43 (97.7) | 1 (2.3) | 0 | 0 | <0.001* |
Other equipment | |||||||||
Mechanical ventilator | 184 (71.9) | 38 (14.8) | 34 (13.3) | 34 (13.3) | 44 (100) | 0 | 0 | 0 | <0.001* |
Syringe pump | 138 (53.9) | 53 (20.7) | 61 (23.8) | 4 (1.6) | 44 (100) | 0 | 0 | 0 | <0.001* |
Fluid infuser | 126 (49) | 61 (23.7) | 67 (26.1) | 3 (1.2) | 44 (100) | 0 | 0 | 0 | <0.001* |
Peritoneal dialysis | 91 (36) | 50 (19.8) | 98 (38.7) | 14 (5.5) | 38 (86.4) | 3 (6.8) | 1 (2.3) | 2 (4.5) | <0.001* |
Hemodialysis/Hemofiltration | 111 (43.2) | 26 (10.1) | 110 (42.8) | 10 (3.9) | 43 (97.7) | 1 (2.3) | 0 | 0 | <0.001* |