Collaborative effects of bystander-initiated cardiopulmonary resuscitation and prehospital advanced cardiac life support by physicians on survival of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a nationwide population-based observational study

Table 4 Baseline characteristics and 1-month outcomes of patients whose arrests witnessed by EMS providers

	All (n= 23,127)		ACLS by ELSTs (n= 22,131)		ACLS by physicians (n= 996)
	n	%	n	%	n	%
Sex (males)	14,434	62.4	13,797	62.3	637	64.0
Age (years)	69.6 ± 18.0		69.8 ± 17.9		65.2 ± 20.0
Causes of arrest
Cardiac origin	12,024	52.0	11,503	52.0	521	52.3
Noncardiac origin	11,103	48.0	10,628	48.0	475	47.7
Initial rhythm
Ventricular fibrillation	1,918	8.3	1,818	8.2	100	10.0
Pulseless electrical activity	8,424	36.4	8,092	36.6	332	33.3
Asystole	4,471	19.3	4,325	19.5	146	14.7
Others	8,314	35.9	7,896	35.7	418	42.0
Call to EMS response (minutes)	6.9 ± 4.3		6.9 ± 4.2		6.9 ± 5.3
Outcomes
1-month survival	2,642	11.4	2,493	11.3	149	15.0
CPC at 1 month
Good performance	1,325	5.7	1,235	5.6	90	9.0
Moderate disability	234	1.0	223	1.0	11	1.1
Severe cerebral disability	312	1.3	295	1.3	17	1.7
Vegetative status or worse	765	3.3	734	3.3	31	3.1

Data presented as n or mean ± standard deviation. ACLS, advanced cardiac life support; CPC, cerebral performance category; ELST, emergency life-saving technician; EMS, emergency medical service.

ISSN: 1364-8535