From: Management of bleeding following major trauma: an updated European guideline
 | Rapid response | Transient response | Minimal or no response |
---|---|---|---|
Vital signs | Return to normal | Transient improvement, recurrence of decreased blood pressure and increased heart rate | Remain abnormal |
Estimated blood loss | Minimal (10%-20%) | Moderate and ongoing (20%-40%) | Severe (>40%) |
Need for more crystalloid | Low | High | High |
Need for blood | Low | Moderate to high | Immediate |
Blood preparation | Type and crossmatch | Type-specific | Emergency blood release |
Need for operative intervention | Possibly | Likely | Highly likely |
Early presence of surgeon | Yes | Yes | Yes |