Intensive care unit-acquired infection as a side effect of sedation

Table 1 Results of studies reporting on relation between sedation and infection

First author [Reference]	Year of publication/country	Setting	Study design/Number of patients	Type of infection	Number of patients with sedation
					Type of sedation	Infection	Number of infections	P	OR (95% CI)
Bornstain [29]	2004/France	Mixed ICUs	Prospective cohort/747	Early-onset VAP	NR*	42/80 (52)	251/667 (37)	0.03	1.9 (1.2-3.1)**
Schwacha [22]	2006/USA	Burn unit	Retrospective nested case-control study/374	Hospital-acquired infection	Opiate analgesics	NR	NR	0.049^§	1.2 (1-1.5)
Metheny [23]	2006/USA	Mixed ICUs	Prospective cohort/360	VAP	NR	150/173 (86)	132/187 (70)	0.006	2.3 (1.3-4.1)**
Nseir [24]	2009/France	Mixed ICU	Prospective cohort/587	ICU-acquired infection	Remifentanil with or without midazolam	203/233 (87)	191/354 (53)	<0.001	5.7 (3.7-8.9)

*Results for patients with neurologic impairment at ICU admission, the number of patients with neurologic impairment related to sedation or to preexisting disease was not reported.
**Adjusted odds ratio (OR).
^§P value for the difference in rate of cases and controls classified into the high opiate equivalent group.
CI: confidence interval; ICU: intensive care unit; NR: not reported; VAP: ventilator-associated pneumonia;

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