Sepsis marker | Evaluated in experimental studies | Evaluated in clinical studies | Evaluated as a prognostic factor | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
√ |  |  |  | |
Albumin [209] | √ |  |  |  |
Anti-endotoxin core antibodies (EndoCab) [210] |  | A | √ | Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days |
 | C | √ | Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days | |
Bcl-2 [214] |  | A | √ | Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days |
Beta-thromboglobulin [215] |  | B | √ | Predicted response to therapy |
Caspase-1 [216] | Â | A | Â | Increased in septic shock compared with healthy controls |
Ceramide [217] |  | B | √** | Predicted development of MOF |
Cholesterol [218] |  | C | √ | Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days in patients with severe sepsis |
 | B(m) | √ | Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days | |
Terminal complement complex [221] | √ |  |  |  |
√ | B | √ | Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days, correlated with SOFA score | |
Dipeptidylpeptidase [224] | Â | B | Â | Decreased in sepsis compared with healthy controls |
Diiodotyrosine (DIT) [225] |  | C | √ | Increased in sepsis compared with non-septic critically ill |
√ | A(s) | √ | Correlated with SAPS score, predicted response to therapy | |
√ | C(s) | √ | Predicted response to therapy in patients with joint infections | |
 | C | √ | Predicted response to therapy | |
Erythropoietin [232] |  | A | √ | Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days in patients with septic shock, correlated with lactate levels |
F2 isoprostanes [233] |  | B(m) | √ | Increased in infected diabetic patients compared with non-infected diabetics |
Fatty acid amide hydrolase [234] |  | A | √ | Decreased in sepsis compared with healthy controls |
Free DNA [235] |  | B | √* | Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days |
 | B | √** | Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days | |
Gelsolin [238] |  | B(s) | √ | Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days |
√ |  |  |  | |
Growth arrest specific protein (Gas) 6 [241] |  | B | √ | Correlated with APACHE II score in patients with severe sepsis |
√ | C(s) |  | Increased in sepsis compared with healthy controls | |
HDL cholesterol |  | C | √** | Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days, predicted polonged ICU length of stay |
HLA-G5 protein (soluble) [246] |  | C(m) | √* | Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days in patients with septic shock |
H2S [247] | √ |  |  |  |
√ | B |  | Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days in patients with septic shock | |
Hydrolytic IgG antibodies [250] |  | B | √ | Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days, correlation with SAPS II score |
Inter-alpha inhibitor proteins (IalphaIp) [251] |  | C | √ | Predicted development of MOF |
Intracellular nitric oxide in leukocyte [252] |  | B | √ | Negatively correlated with SOFA score |
IP-10 [30] | Â | C | Â | Increased in sepsis compared with healthy controls |
 | C | √ | Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days, predicted response to therapy | |
√ | C(s) |  | Predicted response to therapy | |
√ | B | √ | No prognostic value, higher in septic than in non-septic ICU patients | |
Serum lysozyme (enzyme activity) [258] | Â | B(s) | Â | Increased in sepsis compared with healthy controls |
Matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 [259] | Â | B | Â | Increased in severe sepsis compared with healthy controls |
Microparticles (cell derived) [252] |  | B | √ | Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days, correlation with SOFA score |
Neurotensin [260] | √ |  |  |  |
Nitrate excretion (urinary and expired) [261] | √ |  |  |  |
Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) [262] |  | A | √ | Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days |
NF-κB (activity and expression) [263] |  | B | √** | Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days in patients with severe sepsis, correlation with APACHE II score |
Nucleosomes [264] | Â | C | Â | Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days |
Peptidoglycan [265] |  | B(s) | √ | Increased in sepsis compared with healthy controls |
PlGF [266] | √ |  |  |  |
 | A | √ | Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days, predicted development of MOF | |
Plasma fibronectin [270] |  | B | √ | Increased in sepsis compared with healthy controls |
Plasmin alpha2-antiplasmin complex [271] | Â | C | Â | Predicted development of MOF |
Renin [272] |  | B | √ | Correlation with lactate levels in patients with septic shock |
Resistin [273] |  | C | √ | Correlation with APACHE II score in patients with severe sepsis |
Selenium [274] |  | C | √ | Correlation with APACHE II in patients with severe sepsis |
Selenoprotein P [275] | Â | B | Â | Decraesed in sepsis compared with healthy controls |
Serum bicarbonate [276] |  | A(m) | √ | Predicted development of septic shock in neutropenic patients |
Sphingomyelinase (enzyme activity) [277] | Â | A | Â | Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days in patients with severe sepsis |
Sulfite [278] | √ | B(m) | √ | Predicted response to therapy |
√ | A(m) |  | Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days | |
TIMP-1 and 2 [259] |  | B | √* | Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days |
TIMP-3 [281] | √ |  |  |  |
Uric acid [282] |  | C(s) | √ | Decreased in postoperative patients with sepsis compared with those with no sepsis |
Urinary 8-OhdG [283] |  | C | √ | Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days |
Urinary bilirubin oxidative metabolites (BOMs) [284] |  | A | √ | Correlation with APACHE II score |
Annexin V binding [285] | √ | B(s) |  | Increased in sepsis compared with healthy controls |
Xanthine oxidase (activity) [286] |  | C | √ | Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days |