Table 6 Biomarkers related to vaosdilation identified in the literature search (with some selected references)
Sepsis marker | Evaluated in experimental studies | Evaluated in clinical studies | Evaluated as a prognostic factor | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|  | B | √* | Predicted development of septic shock | |
Anandamide [147] | √ | A |  | Increased in sepsis compared with healthy controls |
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) (activity and serum) [148, 149] | √ | B |  | Increased in sepsis compared with healthy controls |
2-arachidonoylglycerol [150] | Â | A | Â | Increased in sepsis compared with healthy controls |
Copeptin [151] |  | C(m) | √* | Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days, correlated with APACHE II score |
C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) [152] | Â | A | Â | Increased in patients with septic shock compared with healthy controls |
√ | A(m) | √ | Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days | |
Elastin [155] | Â | B | Â | Decreased in sepsis compared with healthy controls |
√ | C(s) | √ | Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days, correlated with APACHE II score | |
47 kD HK [158] | Â | B(m) | Â | Correlated with severity of sepsis |
√ | A |  | Increased in sepsis compared with healthy controls | |
√ | B | √ | Predicted development of septic shock | |
√ | C(s) | √ | Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days (predictive only in the late phase of sepsis, 2 days before death) | |
| Â | A | Â | Increased in sepsis compared with non-septic critically ill patients | |
√ | A |  | Increased in tissue samples from patients with peritonitis compared with no peritonitis |