Sepsis biomarkers: a review

Table 4 Coagulation biomarkers identified in the literature search (with some selected references)

Sepsis marker	Evaluated in experimental studies	Evaluated in clinical studies	Evaluated as a prognostic factor	Comment
Antithrombin [115]	√	B	√**	Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days
Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) [35]		C	√	Correlated with MOF score in patients with sepsis and DIC, high negative predictive value
D-dimers, TAT, F1.2, PT [116]		C	√	Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days, correlated with APACHE II score
Fibrin [36]		C		Increased in patients with Gram-negative bacteremia
PF-4 [117]		A	√	Predicted response to therapy
Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 [118, 119]		B	√	Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days, predicted development of MOF
Protein C and S [120, 121]	√	C	√*	Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days
Thrombomodulin [122, 123]	√	C	√	Predicted development of MOF, DIC, and response to therapy

*sensitivity and specificity of less than 90%; **sensitivity of more than 90% but specificity of less than 90%; A, Clinical study with less than 20 patients; B, Clinical study with 20 to 50 patients; C, Clinical study with more than 50 patients.
APCHE: acute physiology and chronic health evaluation; DIC: disseminated intravascular coagulopathy; MOF: multiple organ failure; PT: prothrombin time; PF: platelet factor; TAT: thrombin-antithrombin complex.

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