Sepsis biomarkers: a review

Table 2 Cell marker biomarkers identified in the literature search (with some selected references)

Sepsis Marker	Evaluated in experimental studies	Evaluated in clinical studies	Evaluated as a prognostic factor	Comment
CD10 [80, 81]	√	A		Decreased in septic shock compared with healthy controls
CD11b [82, 83]	√	B(s)	√	Correlation with SOFA score
CD11c [84]		A		Decreased in septic shock compared with healthy controls
CD14 (cellular and soluble) [85]		C	√	Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days
CD18 [86]	√
CD25 (cellular and soluble) [87]		A		Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days
CD28 (soluble) [88]		B	√	Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days
CD40 (cellular and soluble) [89]		B	√	Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days
CD48 [90]		B		Increased in sepsis compared with healthy controls
CD64 [91]		B	√	Correlation with APACHE II and SOFA scores
CD69 [92]		A		Increased in sepsis compared with healthy controls
CD80 [88]		B	√	Predicted development of septic shock
CD163 (soluble) [93]		C	√	Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days
mHLA-DR (soluble) [94]		C	√*	Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days in patients with septic shock

*sensitivity and specificity of less than 90%; A, Clinical study with less than 20 patients; B, Clinical study with 20 to 50 patients; C, Clinical study with more than 50 patients; (s), surgical patients only.
APACHE: acute physiology and chronic health evaluation; SOFA: sequential organ failure assessment.

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