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Table 10 Biomarkers that have been assessed for use in the diagnosis of sepsis

From: Sepsis biomarkers: a review

 

Sepsis biomarker

Clinical study

Type of measurement

Outcome

1

aPTT**[35]

C

c

High negative predictive value

2

CD11b***[33]

B

s

Higher values in neonates with sepsis than in those with possible infection

3

CD25[87]

A

s

Distinguished between sepsis and SIRS

4

CD64***[32, 287]

C

s

Low sensitivity and specificity to distinguish between viral and bacterial infections

5

Complement (C3, C4, C5a)[219]

B

s

Distinguished between sepsis and SIRS

6

EA complex[230]

C

s

Diagnosis of sepsis, increased earlier than CRP

7

ELAM-1 (cellular and soluble)[129]

C(s)

c

Increased in trauma patients with sepsis compared with no sepsis

8

Endocan [127]

B

s

Distinguished between sepsis and SIRS

9

E-Selectin (cellular and soluble)[136]

B

s

Distinguished between sepsis and SIRS

10

Fibrin degradation products[36]

B

s

High negative predictive value

11

Gas6[241]

B

s

Higher values in patients with severe sepsis compared with patients with organ failure but no sepsis

12

G-CSF[237]

C

s

Distinguished between sepsis and SIRS

13

Gelsolin[238]

B(s)

c

Higher in septic patients compared with patients without sepsis

14

IL-1 receptor antagonist[55]

C

s

Early diagnosis of sepsis before symptoms in newborns

15

IL-8*[61]

C

s

Higher in septic neutropenic patients compared with febril neutropenic patients without sepsis

16

IL-10[65]

A

s

Higher in septic shock compared with cardiogenic shock

17

IL-12***[29]

C

s

Diagnosis of sepsis in pediatric patients

18

IL-18[70]

B(s)

s

Distinguished between Gram-positive and Gram-negative sepsis. Higher in trauma patients with sepsis than in those without

19

IP-10***[30]

C

s

Early diagnosis of sepsis in newborns

20

Laminin[38]

A

s

Distinguished between Candida sepsis and bacterial sepsis

21

LBP[204]

C

s

Distinguished between Gram-positive sepsis and Gram-negative

22

MCP-1[61]

C

s

Distinguished between sepsis and SIRS in neutropenic pediatric patients

23

NO, nitrate, nitrite[161]

B

s

Higher in septic shock compared with cardiogenic shock

24

Osteopontin[75]

B

s

Distinguished between sepsis and SIRS

25

PAI-1[118]

B

s

Higher in patients with sepsis and DIC compared with no-septic patients with DIC

26

Pentraxin 3[207]

C

s

Distinguished between septic shock and SIRS

27

Peptidoglycan[262]

B(s)

c

Higher in postoperative patients with infection compared with no-infected postoperative patients

28

pFN[270]

B

s

Distinguished between sepsis and SIRS

29

PLA2-II (soluble)***[31]

B

s

Distinguished between bacteremic and non-bacteremic infections

30

Serum lysozyme (enzyme activity)[258]

B

s

Distinguished between sepsis and organ rejection in transplanted patients

31

ST2 (soluble)[108]

A

s

Higher in septic patients compared with those with no sepsis

32

Surfactant protein (A, B, C, D)[192]

B

s

Early diagnosis of ARDS in septic patients

33

TREM-1 (soluble)[288, 289]

C

s

Distinguished between sepsis and SIRS, diagnosed pneumonia

34

Troponin[193]

B

s

Diagnosis of myocardial dysfunction in septic patients

  1. *sensitivity and specificity of less than 90%; **sensitivity of more than 90% but specificity of less than 90%; ***sensitivity and specificity more than 90%; A, Clinical study with less than 20 patients; B, Clinical study with 20 to 50 patients; C, Clinical study with more than 50 patients; (s), surgical patients only; (m), medical patients only; s, single value; c, values over time.
  2. aPTT: activated partial thromboplastin time; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; CRP: C-reactive protein; DIC: disseminated intravascular coagulopathy; EA: elastase alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor; ELAM: endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule; G-CSF: granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; IP: interferon-induced protein; LBP: lipopolysaccharide-binding protein; MCP: monocyte chemotactic protein; NO: nitric oxide; PAI: plasminogen activator inhibitor; pFN: plasma fibronectin; PLA2: phospholipase A2; SIRS: systemic inflammatory response syndrome; TREM: triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells.
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Critical Care

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