Table 1 Cytokine/chemokine biomarkers identified in the literature search (with some selected references)
Sepsis marker | Evaluated in experimental studies | Evaluated in clinical studies | Evaluated as a prognostic factor | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
√ | C (m) | √ | Higher in septic shock than in sepsis | |
√ | C | √ | No difference between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days | |
√ | A | √ | Correlation with SOFA score | |
√ | A |  | Increased in septic compared with non-septic individuals | |
IL-2 [58] |  | B | √ | Increased in parallel with disease severity |
IL-4 [59] |  | C (s) | √ | Increased levels associated with development of sepsis |
√ | B | √* | Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days | |
|  | B | √*** | Prediction of MOF, DIC | |
√ | B | √** | Higher in septic shock than sepsis, distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days | |
√ | C | √ | Predictive of lethal outcome from postoperative sepsis | |
√ | B | √ | Higher in septic shock than sepsis | |
√ | B(s) | √ | Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days | |
√ | A | √ | Increased in sepsis compared with healthy controls | |
√ | A | √** | Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days | |
√ | B | √* | Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days | |
Osteopontin [75] | Â | B | Â | Increased in sepsis compared with healthy controls |
√ | B |  | Increased in sepsis compared with healthy controls | |
√ | C | √ | Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days in patients with septic shock |