Non-invasive stroke volume measurement and passive leg raising predict volume responsiveness in medical ICU patients: an observational cohort study

Table 1 Patient characteristics and etiology of circulatory insufficiency

	All	Responders	Non-responders	P
Age (years)	59.4 ± 15.1	56.1 ± 13.5	62.2 ± 15.9	0.04
Sex, n (%)
Male	58 (56.9%)	30 (63.8%)	28 (50.9%)	0.19
Female	44 (43.1%)	17 (36.2%)	27 (49.1%)
BMI (kg/m²)	31.0 ± 11.5	31.6 ± 11.7	30.5 ± 11.5	0.66
Admitted from, n (%)
ED	49 (48.0%)	23 (48.9%)	26 (47.3%)	0.87
Other hospital	17 (16.7%)	7 (14.9%)	10 (18.2%)	0.79
Ward	36 (35.3%)	17 (36.2%)	19 (34.5%)	0.86
Time since ICU admission (hours)	61.7 ± 106.2	52.2 ± 95.9	69.9 ± 114.6	0.40
APACHE II score	18.5 ± 6.1	17.8 ± 5.9	19.2 ± 6.2	0.29
Mechanical ventilator	67 (65.7%)	34 (72.3%)	33 (60.0%)	0.19
Vasopressor support	59 (57.8%)	27 (57.4%)	32 (58.2%)	0.94
Norepinephrine dose (mcg/kg/min) *	0.17 ± 0.15	0.16 ± 0.17	0.17 ± 0.14	0.88
Fluid administered since onset of circulatory	6277 ± 7180	5775 ± 5829	6713 ± 8208	0.52
Insufficiency (ml)
Arrhythmia present	18 (17.6%)	3 (6.4%)	15 (27.3%)	0.008
Clinical diagnosis **
Sepsis	62 (60.8%)	27 (57.4%)	35 (63.6%)	0.52
Cardiogenic shock	4 (3.9%)	1 (2.1%)	3 (5.5%)	0.62
Hypovolemia	20 (19.6%)	10 (21.3%)	10 (18.2%)	0.69
Brain injury	1 (1.0%)	0 (0%)	1 (1.0%)
Toxic ingestion	1 (1.0%)	0 (0%)	1 (1.0%)
Other	2 (2.0%)	1 (1.0%)	1 (1.0%)
Unknown	12 (11.8%)	8 (17.0%)	4 (7.3%)	0.22

The P values given are for comparisons between the responders and non-responders.
* All but two patients who required vasopressor support were on norepinephrine alone. Those patients (both non-responders) are not included in this calculation.
** Diagnostic impression of the attending physician.
APACHE = acute physiology and chronic health evaluation; BMI = body mass index; ED = emergency department; ICU = intensive care unit.

ISSN: 1364-8535