Table 1 Selected biomarker studies and disease association studies in Critical Care (2008)
Molecule | Reference | Number studied | Patient type or animal model | Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
sTREM | Huh and colleagues [10] | 80 | VAP patients | sTREM in BAL fluid was highest in bacterial infection patients, high in viral/mycobacterial pneumonia patients and low in noninfected patients |
Eosinopenia | Abidi and colleagues [11] | 198 | Sepsis patients | Low eosinophil levels discriminate infection from noninfectious inflammation and are comparable with PCT and CRP as predictors |
Gelsolin | Wang and colleagues [12] | 91 | Surgical patients | Gelsolin is an actin scavenger, and reduced levels of gelsolin are associated with worsening sepsis |
Kerbs von Lungren 6 | Nathani and colleagues [13] | 42 | ARDS and at-risk patients | Kerbs von Lungren 6 is an alveolar type 2 cell marker associated with increased risk of ARDS |
Copeptin | Seligman and colleagues [14] | 71 | VAP patients | Copeptin is a derivative of preproAVP and a strong predictor of mortality in VAP |
Protein disulfide isomerase | Zhou and colleagues [15] | 30 | CLP or LPS-treated rats | PDI suppresses TNF gene expression in septic states; reduced PDI upregulates TNF |
Bim and Bid gene expression | Weber and colleagues [16] | 37 | Septic patients | Bim and Bid proapoptotic genes are strongly upregulated in sepsis and lymphocyte depletion |
Endothelin-1 | Trachsel and colleagues [17] | 28 | LPS-treated pigs | Endothelin-1 levels correlate with pulmonary hypertension and responsiveness to inhaled nitric oxide |
Reactive oxygen species | Martins and colleagues [18] | 41 | Septic patients | ROS are upregulated in myeloid cells and are correlated with adverse outcome |
Akt and ERK1/2 | Li and colleagues [19] | 77 | C57/BL6 mice | Akt and ERK1/2 mediate in part pulmonary injury/fibrosis from high tidal volume ventilation |