Table 2 Admission and outcome parameters of study patients

Number of patients [%]

264 [100.0]

192 [72.3]

72 [27.3]

110 [41.7]

154 [58.3]

Male sex (n [%])

166 [62.9]

117 [60.9]

49 [68.1]

0.178

60 [54.5]

106 [68.8]

0.013

Age (years)

53.8 ± 20.0

52.3 ± 21.0

57.8 ± 16.8

0.047

48.6 ± 21.0

57.5 ± 18.5

< 0.001

Diabetes (n [%])

35 [13.3]

26 [13.5]

9 [12.5]

0.502

11 [10.0]

24 [15.6]

0.128

Readmission (n [%])

8 [3.0]

6 [3.1]

2 [2.8]

0.622

2 [1.8]

6 [3.9]

0.287

Sedation (n [%])

243 [92.0]

174 [90.6]

69 [95.8]

0.125

98 [89.1]

145 [94.2]

0.103

Vasoactive/inotrope (n [%])

200 [75.8]

136 [70.8]

64 [88.9]

0.001

67 [60.9]

133 [86.4]

< 0.001

Surgical profile (n [%])

175 [66.3]

122 [63.5]

53 [73.7]

0.080

67 [60.9]

108 [70.1]

0.077

Laparatomy (n [%])

60 [23.3]

21 [15.6]

31 [43.7]

< 0.001

9 [8.4]

51 [34.0]

< 0.001

Enteral feeding (n [%])

49 [18.6]

42 [21.9]

7 [9.7]

0.015

25 [22.7]

24 [15.6]

0.095

APACHE II score (points)

14.2 ± 7.7

13.5 ± 7.6

16.0 ± 7.7

0.016

11.8 ± 7.3

15.8 ± 7.6

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

27.6 ± 13.1

25.4 ± 4.6

33.1 ± 22.2

< 0.001

25.8 ± 5.6

28.9 ± 16.4

0.080

SOFA score (points)

7.0 ± 4.2

6.3 ± 4.2

8.9 ± 3.6

< 0.001

5.3 ± 4.2

8.2 ± 3.8

< 0.001

Fluid gain in first 24 hours (l)

2.4 ± 3.6

2.0 ± 2.4

3.6 ± 5.5

0.001

1.7 ± 2.4

2.9 ± 4.2

0.007

MAP (mmHg)

81.5 ± 15.9

82.1 ± 16.4

80.5 ± 15.0

0.512

82.1 ± 15.8

81.3 ± 16.1

0.758

IAP (mmHg)

8.5 ± 4.7

6.5 ± 3.8

12.1 ± 4.0

< 0.001

6.3 ± 4.0

9.5 ± 4.6

< 0.001

CVP (mmHg)

11.6 ± 5.7

10.3 ± 4.9

14.3 ± 6.3

< 0.001

10.4 ± 5.1

12.2 ± 5.9

0.031

PIP (cmH₂O)

23.9 ± 6.2

22.6 ± 6.0

27.2 ± 5.2

< 0.001

22.5 ± 6.5

24.8 ± 5.7

0.006

PEEP (cmH₂O)

9.2 ± 4.2

8.5 ± 4.1

11.2 ± 3.7

< 0.001

7.8 ± 4.1

10.2 ± 3.9

< 0.001

Lactate (mmol/l)

4.6 ± 5.4

4.4 ± 4.6

4.9 ± 6.9

0.519

4.4 ± 4.9

4.7 ± 5.7

0.741

FI (n [%])

124 [47.0]

69 [35.9]

55 [76.4]

< 0.001

-

-

IAH (n [%])

42 [15.9]

-

-

3 [2.7]

39 [25.3]

< 0.001

Gastrointestinal failure (FI+IAH; n [%])

36 [13.6]

-

36 [50.0]

-

36 [23.4]

Outcome parameters

   MV (days)

7.4 ± 11.9

4.3 ± 6.1

15.5 ± 18.0

< 0.001

3.6 ± 5.9

10.0 ± 14.1

< 0.001

   ICU stay (days)

8.8 ± 12.8

5.6 ± 7.3

17.5 ± 19.0

< 0.001

4.8 ± 6.9

11.7 ± 15.1

< 0.001

   ICU mortality (n [%])

39 [14.8]

21 [10.9]

18 [25.0]

0.005

7 [6.4]

32 [20.8]

0.001

   28-day mortality (n [%])

54 [20.5]

36 [18.8]

18 [25.0]

0.171

13 [11.8]

41 [26.6]

< 0.001

   90-day mortality (n [%])

75 [28.4]

48 [25.0]

27 [37.5]

0.033

17 [15.5]

58 [37.7]

0.002